# Psychiatric Drugs: Create Violence & Suicide

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## Psychiatric Drugs:Psychiatric Drugs: Create Violence & Suicide

## School ShootingsSchool Shootings & Other Acts of Senseless Violence& Other Acts of Senseless Violence

A public interest report published by Citizens Commission on Human Rights International A Mental Health Industry Watchdog March 2018

As violent acts rise, law enforcement should look to a common denominator.

Psychiatric Drugs Create Violence & Suicide: Putting the Community at Risk

## School Shootings & Other Acts of Senseless Violence

A public interest report published by Citizens Commission on Human Rights International A Mental Health Industry Watchdog March 2018

## Contents

| Violence - Psychotropic Drugs’ Best Kept Secret | 2 |
|---|---|
| Russian Roulette with Psychotropic Drugs | 3 |
| Las Vegas Concert & Texas Church Shootings | 8 |
| Psychiatric Drugs Create Hostility, Aggression & Suicide | 10 |
| School Shootings: The Missing Link | 14 |
| Withdrawal Effects Ruin Minds, Lasting Years | 16 |
| Involuntary Treatment Not a Deterrent | 18 |
| Psychiatric Drugs Cause Deaths | 19 |
| Police Put at Risk: “Suicide by Cop” | 20 |
| Medical Solutions Create Real Mental Health Care | 22 |
| Summary & Recommendations | 23 |
| Citizens Commission on Human Rights International | 24 |
| CCHR Recognitions | 25 |
| Appendix | 27 |
| A. Sample Studies: Drugs Cause Violent Effects | 30 |
| B. Sample Studies: Withdrawal Effects Create Havoc | 37 |
| C. Sample Acts of Violence | 39 |
| References for Main Report | 50 |
| References for Appendix | 53 |

## Violence: Psychotropic Drugs’ Best Kept Secret

lthough there can be numerous reasons Drugpoopnetpspnagehmgpyidscpfpnag

## A for mass murder, violent crime and suicide,

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with just as many solutions proposed to curb it

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and funding poured into its prevention, senseless acts of violence continue unabated, - Joseph Glenmullen

with more than 80 dead and 500 injured Harvard Medical School Psychiatrist between the Las Vegas concert shooting on October 1, 2017 and Texas church shooting on

| November 5, 2017 alone. Then the shocking | “The link between |
|---|---|
| Parkland, Florida school shooting on February | antidepressants and violence, |
| 14, 2018, left 17 dead and some 15 injured. | including suicide and homicide, |

is well established.”  Media quote experts saying that such

- Patrick D. Hahn
individuals are “mentally disturbed,” or have Affiliate Professor of Biology, “untreated mental illness,” but that doesn’t Loyola University Maryland explain the level of violence we are seeing or what drives a person to pull a trigger or intentionally crash an airplane, killing all 150

### “Violence and other potentially

people on board. The facts paint a disturbing

### criminal behavior caused by

picture. A review of scientific literature

### prescription drugs are

published in Ethical Human Psychology and

### medicine’s best kept secret.” 

Psychiatry regarding the “astonishing rate” of

| mental illness over the past 50 years revealed | - Professor David Healy |
|---|---|
| that it’s not “mental illness” causing the | Leading Psychopharmacology Expert |
| problem; rather, it’s the psychiatric drugs | and Professor of Psychiatry in Wales |

prescribed to treat it. š Mental disorder is not a predictor of aggressive behavior, but rather the adverse effects of the drugs prescribed to treat it. Whatever psychiatric assessment, Drug proponents argue that there are many “treatment,” including the drugs reportedly shootings and acts of violence that have not given the teen charged over the Parkland been correlated to psychiatric (psychotropic) school massacre, all failed to predict or prevent drugs, but that is exactly the point. It has the murderous outcome and potentially neither been confirmed nor refuted, as law exacerbated his troubled mental state. enforcement is not required to investigate or report on prescribed drugs linked to violence, Since the introduction of antipsychotic drugs in and media rarely pose the question. 1955 and the newer Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) antidepressants, like Prozac, in 1987, both are documented to be linked to violent effects in a percentage of the people taking them.

## Russian Roulette with Psychotropic Drugs

| ith millions of people taking psychotropic | If five percent of the 41 million Americans taking |
|---|---|
| Wdrugs, clearly not everyone will | antidepressants were to experience “increased |
| experience violent reactions to taking them. But | mental and/or physical agitation,” that |
| what drug regulatory agency warnings confirm, | represents 2.05 million people. How many of |
| is that a percentage of the population will. | them could potentially become so agitated that |

they would carry out violent acts? It’s a case of

Of nearly 410 psychiatric drug warnings, 27 playing Russian roulette with their lives. warned of violence, aggression, hostility, mania,

| psychosis or homicidal ideation; 49 warned of | Further, of those committing mass shootings or |
|---|---|
| self-harm or suicide/suicidal ideation; 17 were | violent acts, how many had never had a history |
| for addiction or withdrawal effects; and 27 were | of violence or a criminal past until they were |
| linked to Serotonin Syndrome found in | prescribed a mind-altering drug? |

antidepressant use and marked by symptoms that include agitation, restlessness and Take, for example, David Hawkins. On May

confusion. 25, 2001, an Australian judge blamed the antidepressant Zoloft (sertraline) for turning Professor Healy suspects that the main causal this peaceful, law-abiding man into a violent factor behind suicide and violence while taking killer. Hawkins had no history of violence or antidepressants is increased mental and/or suicidality and had remained gainfully physical agitation, which leads to about five employed throughout his life. Judge Barry percent of subjects taking the drugs to drop out O’Keefe said that had Mr. Hawkins not

| of clinical trials, compared to only 0.5 percent of | taken the antidepressant, “it is |
|---|---|
| people on placebos. ‹ | overwhelmingly probable that Mrs. Hawkins |

### Antidepressant Clinical Trial Subjects Drop Out Because of Agitation

### 41 million Americans

Increased mental and/or physical agitation has led to

on antidepressants about 5% of subjects taking antidepressants to drop out of clinical trials. Were this percentage applied to the 41 million in the U.S. taking antidepressants, how many of those 2.05 million could potentially become so agitated that they would carry out violent acts? It’s playing Russian roulette with their lives and their prospective victims.

### 5% or 2.05 million can experience “increased agitation”

would not have been killed….” € Further, involved brutal violence and use of a flick “The killing was totally out of character” knife. ¤ and “inconsistent with the loving, caring

| relationship which existed between him and | A 66-year-old man had marital difficulties |
|---|---|
| his wife and with their happy marriage of 50 | and frequent arguments with his wife ten |
| years.” ‡ According to Hawkins, there was | years his junior. He was treated with the |
| no argument, no warning—he just strangled | benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide (generic |
| his wife. Hawkins was sentenced to three | of Librium) and clonazepam (generic of |
| years in prison. | Klonopin) and an antidepressant, doxepin. |

The doxepin was later replaced with

| In June 2001, a Wyoming jury awarded $8 | fluoxetine. Two months after starting |
|---|---|
| million to the relatives of a man, Donald | fluoxetine, the man had become floridly |
| Schell, who went on a shooting rampage | deluded, expecting to be attacked or |
| after taking an antidepressant. According | poisoned by his wife, or her agent. A |
| to the study, “Antidepressants and Violence: | psychiatrist received phone calls of concern |
| Problems at the Interface of Medicine and | from friends and family but did not alter his |
| Law,” Schell (“DS” in the study) had no | treatment. The patient’s wife was later found |
| history of suicidality, aggressive behavior or | dead in their hallway, in a pool of blood, with |
| other serious disturbance. Earlier | 200 stab wounds. Although prescription |
| prescribed fluoxetine (generic of Prozac), he | drugs were not invoked in this man’s |
| had experienced agitation, restlessness and | defense, a subsequent civil case seeking |
| hallucinations which ended after fluoxetine | damages from Eli Lilly (manufacturer of |
| was discontinued. In 1998, a different | Prozac) and Hoffman La Roche |
| doctor, unaware of this adverse reaction, | (manufacturer of clonazepam and |
| prescribed paroxetine (generic of Paxil) for | chlordiazepoxide) was settled in 2005. |
| anxiety. Two days later, Schell put three | According to researchers, “This homicide |
| bullets each through the heads of his wife, | case involves a treatment-induced |
| his daughter who was visiting, and his | psychosis.” ¨© |

nine-month-old granddaughter before killing himself. The jury determined that Add to that those that had undergone paroxetine “can cause some people to psychiatric treatment, driving cars into and

| become homicidal and/or suicidal” and that | killing shoppers, such as Saeed Noori, 32, |
|---|---|
| the drug was 80 percent responsible for the | who on December 21, 2017, plowed into |
| ensuing acts. ¡ | Melbourne, Australia shoppers, injuring 19. |

The victims were aged from 4 to 83. Noori In another case, a mother had a baby was undergoing “mental health treatment,”

| daughter in December 2000 at the age of 17. | according to media reports. He was charged |
|---|---|
| She’d been feeling “low” and in 2003, she | with multiple accounts ofattempted murder |
| was prescribed fluoxetine. Three weeks | and one count of murder. Melbourne |
| later she robbed a 14-year-old boy of his | Magistrate John Hardy noted Noori was |
| phone and watch, then stole another phone. | withdrawing from drug addiction and was |
| According to the above “Antidepressants | taking medication for mental health issues. |

and Violence” study, she had never before

| been involved in criminal behavior. Her first | What we also know is that at least 65 high |
|---|---|
| two offenses took place 17 and 19 days after | profile acts of senseless violence have been |
| she started taking fluoxetine. They appear | committed by individuals taking or withdrawing |
| to have been impulsive and were marked by | from psychiatric drugs, resulting in 357 dead |
| a complete lack of feeling, researchers said. | and 336 wounded. Of these, there have been at |
| The third, fourth and fifth offenses occurred | least 36 school shootings and/or school-related |
| after a dose increase. The fifth offense | acts of violence. |

## Of 409 official psychiatric drug warnings:

warned of warned of violence, warned of death linked warned of self-harm, mania, psychosis, or increased risk emotional addiction or suicide or hostility, of death problems to withdrawal suicidal ideation aggression or the drugs effects homicidal ideation

### Self-Harm, 9

Sexual Dysfunction, 5 Abnormal Bleeding, 12

### Addiction or Withdrawal, 17

Cardiovascular Disorders or Heart Problems, 107 Blood Disorders, 22

Involuntary Movements, 23

Liver Problems, 24

Violence, Mania, Psychosis, Hostility, Aggression or Homicidal Ideation, 27 Psychological Problems, 99 Serotonin Syndrome, 27

Emotional Problems (including depression), 35

Allergic Reactions, 36 All Other, 78

Death or Increased Risk or Death, 43

### Suicide or

Newborn Complications, 45

### Suicidal Ideation, 48

Note: Some warnings include multiple side effects.

### No History of Violence Until Prescribed Zoloft

On May 25, 2001, Judge Barry O’Keefe blamed the antidepressant Zoloft (sertraline) for turning David Hawkins, a peaceful, law-abiding man, into a violent killer. Hawkins had no history of violence and had remained gainfully employed throughout his life. Judge O’Keefe said that had Hawkins not taken the antidepressant, “it is overwhelmingly probable” that his wife, “would not have been killed....” It was “inconsistent with the loving, caring relationship which existed between him and his wife and with their happy marriage of 50 years.” Hawkins was sentenced to three years in prison.

### Judge Barry O’Keefe

### U.S. Psychotropic Drug Sales & Use Soar: Suicide Increase

2011

| $175.4 Billion | 79 Million |
|---|---|
| or an average of $35 billion/year | Americans |

in non-discount U.S. spending take prescription, on psychiatric drugs mind-altering drugs 

## 2015

Number of psychiatric drug prescriptions  Suicide rate increase

| 197,247,557 | 10.5/100,000 |
|---|---|
| 117% increase | 24% |
| 1999 | 1999 |
| 427,837,506 | 13/100,000 |
| 2013 | 2014 |

Psychiatric drug prescriptions, including sedatives, antidepressants, psycho-stimulants and antipsychotics (psychotropic drugs), keep soaring. ˆ‰ Acts of violence and suicide may incrementally be increasing because of the massive increase in these prescription psychotropic drugs. In the wake of massive increases in psychotropic drug use in the U.S., the CDC reported that from 1999 to 2014 the suicide rate increased 24 percent. ˆ“

“There is enough coincidence and enough professional opinion from legitimate scientists [about psychotropic drugs and violence] to cause us to raise the issue and to ask further questions.”

common denominator between the cases of school shooters she cited at the time. ˆ£

In response, Colorado State Representative, Penn Pfiffner, chaired a hearing into the

| Penn Pfiffner, 1999 | connection between violent behavior and |
|---|---|
| Former Colorado State Representative | psychotropic drugs, and stated: “There is |

enough coincidence and enough professional Those with a vested, financial interest will opinion from legitimate scientists to cause us to continue to champion the use of such drugs, as raise the issue and to ask further questions.” the psychiatric-pharmaceutical drug industry Further, “If we’re only interested in debating gun

| rakes in an average of $35 billion a year in sales | laws and metal detectors, then we as legislators |
|---|---|
| in the U.S. alone. ˆ› | aren’t doing our job.” ˆ§ |
| It is that vested financial interest which may be | Seven years later, Professor Healy was the lead |
| preventing a thorough investigation of the link | author of a study which advised: “Legal |
| between prescription psychoactive drugs and | systems are likely to continue to be faced with |
| increased violence, especially considering that | cases of violence associated with the use of |
| there have been calls for such investigations | psychotropic drugs, and it may fall to the courts |
| since the Columbine High School massacre in | to demand access to currently unavailable data. |
| 1999. | The problem is international and calls for an |

international response.” ˆ© The groundbreaking article, “Guns and Doses,”

| written in 1999 by former Congressional staffer | It is long past time that government agencies |
|---|---|
| and award-winning journalist, Kelly Patricia | answered that call with an investigation. None |
| O’Meara, reported: “Although the list of | can argue against the fact that disclosure of the |
| school-age children who have gone on violent | facts would serve the public interest. |

rampages is growing at a disturbing rate—and the shootings at Columbine became a national wake-up call—few in the mental health community have been willing to talk about the possibility that the heavily prescribed drugs and violence may be linked.” Such drugs were the

“Legal systems are likely to continue to be faced with cases of violence associated with the use of psychotropic drugs, and it may fall to the courts to demand access to currently unavailable data. The problem is international and calls for an international response.” Professor David Healy, 2006 Psychiatrist & Psychopharmacologist

## 899 9

lthough not every violent killer has been irritability are among the side effects of taking

## A on or withdrawing from a psychotropic diazepam, according to its manufacturer. Œš

drug at the time of committing a crime, in many

| cases such drugs emerge when learning of the | On November 5, 2017, 26-year-old Texas Church |
|---|---|
| killer’s background. It begs the question | Shooter Devin Kelley killed 26 people and |
| whether in taking the drug or when drug or | injured about 20 more. His victims ranged in |
| other treatment failed them, did this help propel | age from 18 months to 77 years old. ŒŸ From a |
| them on a path towards the destruction of | very early age, Kelley was taking prescription |
| others? | psychotropic drugs. Fox News reported that a |

former middle school classmate said that Kelley

| Stephen Paddock, who shot dead 58 people at | would complain about his parents and |
|---|---|
| a Las Vegas country music festival on October 1, | medications during school. “His parents had |
| 2017, had been taking the sedative-hypnotic | him on high doses of ‘psych’ meds from 6th to |
| Valium prescribed him several months before | 9th grade, the time I knew him,” said the |
| the shooting. ƒ„ The former postal worker and | student, who wished to be identified as Reid. Œ¤ |

tax auditor had been given a prescription for 50 ten-milligram Valium (diazepam) tablets on June The Daily Mail quoted Kelley’s best friend from

| 21, 2017, as well as fifty tablets in 2016. ŒŽ CNN | aged 12 through 19, Ralph Martinez, who said |
|---|---|
| obtained court records that showed Paddock | Kelley was taking prescription drugs for |
| had also been prescribed Valium in 2012. Œƒ The | “ADHD” and during a visit with him when Kelley |
| court document revealed Paddock was | was 21 the future killer was taking “medicine” |
| prescribed the drug for “anxiousness” and when | for his “aggression.” Œ§ |

asked whether he had a good relationship with

| the doctor who prescribed him the pills, he | In 2012, Kelley was court-martialed by the Air |
|---|---|
| responded, “He’s like on retainer, I call it, I | Force for assaulting his spouse and her child. |
| guess. It means I pay a fee yearly…I have good | Kelley received a bad conduct discharge, was |
| access to him.” The autopsy confirmed | jailed for 12 months and was given a reduction |
| Paddock had had amounts of nordiazepam, | in rank. Prior to the court-martial, Kelley had |
| oxazepam and temazepam in his body, which | been sent to the Peak Behavioral Health |
| are consistent with Valium. It was claimed that | Services Center in Santa Teresa, New Mexico |
| because the drugs were found in his urine | after beating his wife and fracturing his baby |
| rather than his blood, that these had not | stepson's skull. The facility was owned at the |
| influenced him. | time by Universal Health Services (UHS), which |

has one of the country’s largest psychiatric However, tolerance and dependence can hospital chains that has been plagued in recent develop quickly with this class of drugs, also years with allegations of staffing issues leading

| known as benzodiazepines. Withdrawal effects, | to patients committing suicide. In June 2012, |
|---|---|
| which can last weeks and sometimes months or | Kelley escaped from the center and fled across |
| years, include increased anxiety, perceptual | the state line to El Paso, Texas. In a missing |
| distortions, depersonalization, paranoid | person report, Kelley was described as “a |
| thoughts, rage, aggression and irritability to | danger to himself and others as he had already |
| name but a few. ŒŒ Rage, aggressiveness and | been caught sneaking firearms onto |

Hollomon Air Force Base.” Œ¬ Police officers antidepressant Luvox (fluvoxamine), which has captured Kelley and returned him to the side effects of mania that is linked to violent hospital for a couple of more weeks before the behavior. In a clinical trial of the drug, four military picked him up for his court-martial. Œ® percent treated with fluvoxamine experienced manic reactions, compared to none of the Popular stimulant drugs can cause aggressive placebo patients. šƒ Mania is described as a behavior, manic episodes and psychotic “form of psychosis characterized by exalted symptoms like hallucinations. The U.S. Food feelings, delusions of grandeur…and and Drug Administration (FDA) has received overproduction of ideas.” šŒ hundreds of reports of aggressive behavior in

| children taking stimulant drugs. Up to 20 | There are many possible explanations for |
|---|---|
| percent resulted in a significant injury or | school shootings—violence on television, the |
| hospitalization, the FDA said. Œ„ | accessibility of guns and other weapons among |

them. While some of these factors existed in a

| Post-withdrawal symptoms from | much lesser degree 50 years ago, children |
|---|---|
| antidepressants “may last several months to | didn't go out and coolly commit premeditated |
| years” and include disturbed mood, emotional | massacres as we are seeing today. A common |
| lability [excessive emotional reactions and | denominator that should not be ignored in |
| frequent mood changes], and irritability.” šŽ | many current cases is the link to prior and |

current psychiatric treatment, especially Eric Harris, the ringleader in the Columbine mind-altering drugs. High School shooting, was taking the

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here are numerous drug regulatory agency taking them are not hindered in their plan and

## T reports, studies and expert opinion that execution of mass murder and, in fact, the drugs

| support the need for close tracking of | can be the catalyst. ‘‘ At least 15 published |
|---|---|
| psychotropic drugs potentially implicated in | medical studies show psychotropic drug |
| violent crimes. | adverse effects that include mania, psychosis, |

violence and homicidal ideation.

The Emergency Psychiatry journal says that what is labeled as “homicidal” may “range from Antipsychotic or neuroleptic (meaning nerve globally aggressive thoughts... to a specific lethal seizing) drugs have been linked to hostility and plan with available means to carry it out.” ‘‘ aggression. They can damage the Despite the mind-altering, and sometimes extrapyramidal system (EPS)—the extensive numbing effects of psychiatric drugs, those complex network of nerve fibers that moderates

### A Prescription for Murder?

In July 2017, a BBC UK Panorama documentary, “A Prescription for Murder?” explored the role of antidepressants in the shooting rampage James Holmes, 24, committed at the Aurora, Colorado cinema on July 20, 2012. Holmes, with no prior history of violence, was taking an antidepressant, sertraline, the generic of Zoloft, when he coldly executed 12 innocent people and injured dozens more at a midnight screening of the Batman film, The Dark Knight Rises. Professor David Healy, who interviewed Holmes prior to his trial in 2015, told the BBC, “I believe if he hadn’t taken the [antidepressant] sertraline, he wouldn’t have murdered anyone.” ‘’

Panorama and Professor Healy detailed how the psychiatrist who treated Holmes had tripled his antidepressant dose from 50 mg to 150 mg per day over several appointments. There was a steep decline in James’ behavior after starting the antidepressant. Medical records show that decline occurring fewer than four weeks after starting the pills. Holmes was displaying “psychotic level thinking. Guarded, paranoid, hostile thoughts he won’t elaborate on.” Holmes himself wrote in a notebook, which he posted to the psychiatrist just before the shootings, about the effects the antidepressant was having on him. “Anxiety and fear disappears. No more fear, no more fear of failure,” he wrote. “No fear of consequences.” ‘˜ Drug use and effects do not excuse the crime—Holmes received 12 life sentences plus another 3,318 years in prison—but it may explain the drug-induced frame of mind that can drive a number of consumers to commit such heinous acts.

Antipsychotics, often forcibly given patients, have disturbing effects, including aggressive behavior from drug-induced akathisia

## e

### Akathisia (inability to sit still)

- Restless Although the severity of
- Trouble standing still these akathisia
- Paces the floor sensations varies, they
- Feet in constant motion, rocking back and forth can become intolerable and are associated with violence and suicide.
Acute Dystonia (muscular spasm) Akathisia may begin within several days after

- Facial grimacing treatment but usually
- Involuntary upward eye movement increases with duration of
- Muscle spasms of tongue, face, neck & back treatment, occurring in up (back muscle spasms cause trunk to arch forward) to 50% of cases within
- Laryngeal spasms one month and 90% of cases within three months. Ի Between 20% and 75% of people who
### Tardive Dyskinesia (abnormal movement) take antipsychotics

- Protrusion and rolling the tongue experience akathisia—
| • Sucking and smacking movements of the lips | potentially 5.1 million |
|---|---|
| • Chewing motion | Americans. |

- Facial involuntary movements
- Involuntary movements of the body and extremities
motor control—resulting in muscle rigidity, movement disorder in which a person’s muscles spasms, and various involuntary movements. ‘« contract uncontrollably. Yet another is called tardive dyskinesia (tardive, meaning “late” and One drug-induced effect is called akathisia [a, dyskinesia meaning, “abnormal movement”) without; kathisia, sitting—an inability to keep and is an impairment, often permanent, of the still]. It’s a torturous condition where the power of voluntary movement of the lips, sufferer feels an incredible, irresistible tongue, jaw, fingers, toes and other bodyparts. ’¶ restlessness that creates constant repetitive

| movements like pacing, rocking back and forth | Between 20 and 75 percent of people who take |
|---|---|
| or swaying. This side effect has been linked to | antipsychotics experience akathisia, especially |
| assaultive, violent behavior. ‘¯ The person may | in the first few weeks after they start treatment, |
| experience violent, aggressive impulses or feel | according to Healthline, a consumer health |
| suicidal, although they often can’t pinpoint the | information site that cited Principles and |
| source of their distress, even though it can feel | Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry. ’² With more |
| unbearable. ‘° | than 6.8 million Americans taking antipsychotic |

drugs, that’s a potential 1.3 and 5.1 million who Another disturbing effect is dystonia (from dys, may experience this damage. ’μ Akathisia is meaning bad or ill and tonos, tension), a now also associated with SSRI antidepressants. ’‘

| The following is a summary of some of the | drugs. The FDA admits that only 1-10 percent of |
|---|---|
| reports about psychotropic drugs and violence: | drug side effects are reported to its MedWatch |

program. Taking a moderate five percent, then,

| At least 27 international drug regulatory | the potential number of reported incidents |
|---|---|
| agency warnings have been issued on | could be as high as 30,620. A percent of those |
| psychiatric drugs being linked to mania, | could be driven to commit violent crimes. |

psychosis, hostility, violence and homicidal ideation (thoughts or fantasies of homicide). ““ Researchers also took the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System data and of 484 prescription

| In November 2005, the FDA added | drugs identified, 31 were disproportionately |
|---|---|
| “homicidal ideation” as a side effect of | associated with violence. These drugs, |
| Effexor XR (extended release). “¤ | accounting for 79% of all violence cases, |

included 25 psychotropic drugs. “” Their

| At least 15 published medical studies show | findings, published in Public Library of Science |
|---|---|
| psychotropic drug adverse effects that | ONE, included 11 antidepressants, six |
| include mania, hostility, violence and | sedative/hypnotics and three drugs for |
| homicidal ideation. | treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity |

disorder (ADHD). The specific cases of The FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System has violence included: homicide, physical assaults,

| at least 1,530 cases of homicide/homicidal | physical abuse, homicidal ideation and cases |
|---|---|
| ideation reported to it as linked to psychiatric | described as violence-related symptom. “• |

### 31 Prescription Drugs Linked to Violence, 79% were Psychiatric

Researchers took the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System data

| Psychotropic | and of 484 prescription drugs identified, 31 were disproportionately |
|---|---|
| Drugs, 25 (79%) | associated with violence, of which 25 were psychotropic |

(psychiatric) drugs. Their findings, published in Public Library of Science ONE, included 11 antidepressants, six sedative/hypnotics and three drugs for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The specific cases of violence included: homicide, physical assaults, physical abuse, homicidal ideation, and cases described as violence-related symptom.

### Other Drugs, 6 (21%)

### Psychotropic Drugs Associated with the Highest Rates of Violence Compared to Other Drugs

Antidepressants include: Stimulants (for ADHD):

| Fluoxetine (Prozac) 10.9 times | Amphetamines 9.6 times |
|---|---|
| Paroxetine (Paxil) 10.3 times | Atomoxetine (Strattera) 9 times |

Fluvoxamine (Luvox) 8.4 times Venlafaxine (Effexor) 8.3 times

| Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) 7.9 times | Benzodiazepine: |
|---|---|
| Sertraline (Zoloft) 6.7 times | Triazolam (Halcion) 8.7 times “œ |

### Reports to FDA’s MedWatch System on Violent Adverse Effects Linked to Psychiatric Drugs

The FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System has at 1,530 - Actual Number of Reports to FDA least 1,530 reports of homicide or homicidal ideation linked to psychiatric drugs. FDA admits that only 1% - 10% of drug side effects are reported

to its MedWatch program. Taking a moderate 5%, 30,620 - Potential Number Unreported to FDA the potential number of reported incidents could be as high as 30,620. A percent of those could be driven to commit violent crimes.

### Homicidal Ideation, 971

Hostility, 694 Mania, 3,287 Physical Assault, 582

### Homicide, 560

Breakdown of Psychosis, 235 FDA’s MedWatch System Psychotropic Violence Related Symptoms, 226 Drug Violent Reports

### c

Aggression, 8,219

### International Drug Agency Warnings on Violence

Hostility, 14 (41%) Mania, 13 (41%) Homicidal Ideation, 1 (4%)

Violent Behavior or

| Violence, 3 (11%) | At least 27 international drug |
|---|---|
| 27 International | regulatory agency warnings |

Drug Regulatory have been issued on psychiatric Agency Warnings drugs being linked to mania, Relating to Psychiatric

Aggression, 12 (22%) violence, psychosis and Drug-Induced homicidal ideation (thoughts or Violence ‰Š fantasies of homicide).

Agitation, 15 (26%) Psychosis or Psychotic Episodes, 8 (37%)

## 415EEri45EEc HasN u5mib ss Haie Ho

avid Kirschner, Ph.D., a New York Further, “Most of the young murderers I have D psychologist says: “As a forensic personally examined had…been in ‘treatment’

| psychologist, I have tested/evaluated 30 | and were using prescribed |
|---|---|
| teenage and young adult murderers, and almost | stimulant/amphetamine type drugs before and |
| all of them had been in some kind of ‘treatment,’ | during the killing events. These medications |
| usually short term and psychoactive | did not prevent but instead contributed to the |
| drug-oriented, before they killed. After each | violence by disinhibiting normal, frontal cortex |
| episode of school killings or other mass | control mechanisms…And so, despite ongoing |
| shootings, such as the Aurora, Colorado, | congressional debates regarding stricter gun |
| Batman movie murders and Tucson, Arizona, | control laws vs. improved access to mental |
| killing of six and wounding of Rep. Gabrielle | health treatment, our concern should be about |
| Giffords and 12 others, there is a renewed public | the quality of mental health care, not just a |
| outcry for early identification and treatment of | societal safety net insuring treatment for all |
| youths at risk for violence. | children and young adults.” •¬ |

“Sadly however, most of the young people who kill had been in ‘treatment,’ prior to the violence, albeit with less than successful results.”

### From This... To Giggling Over Mass Murder

Prior to the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, Eric Harris, the ringleader, underwent court-ordered counseling, including anger management, for stealing a car. He was also part of a “death education” class at school in which students were asked to imagine their own death. Harris was taking an antidepressant known to cause suicidal thoughts and mania, a form of psychosis characterized by exalted feelings, delusions and overproduction of ideas. He had a dream where Eric Harris he and his friend, Dylan Klebold, went on a shooting rampage. Shortly afterwards, he and Klebold killed 12 students, a teacher and wounded 23 others before shooting and killing themselves.

## Children on Psychotropic Drugs

| 8 Million | 2.1 Million Take |
|---|---|
| American Children | Antidepressants |
| and adolescents prescribed | documented to cause violent |
| psychoactive drugs | and suicidal behavior  |

A statistical analysis of more than three decades of data shows that in 2011 the United States

### Number of reported mass

entered a new period in which mass shootings shootings per year were occurring more frequently. The annual

| 5 | number of mass-shooting incidents tripled from |
|---|---|
| 200% increase | an average of five per year before 2009 to |
| ’00 - ’08 | approximately 15 per year since, according to a |
| 15 | U.S. Justice report. In 2004, the U.S. Food and |

Drug Administration placed its most stringent

’09 - ’12 black box on antidepressant packaging to warn of the risk of suicidal behavior and thinking in those younger than 18, and later up to age 25.

A statistical analysis of more than three [psychotropic] drugs becomes an iatrogenic

| decades of data shows that in 2011 the | [treatment-induced] outcome in an |
|---|---|
| United States entered a new period in | anything-goes society that does its part by |
| which mass shootings were occurring more | placing few restraints on its younger |
| frequently.  The annual number of | members’ behavior and compounds that by |
| mass-shooting incidents tripled from an | looking the other way as they damage their |
| average of five per year before 2009 to | brains with prescription chemicals that |
| approximately 15 per year since, according | magnify the youngsters’ capability to exhibit |
| to a 2013 U.S. Justice report. ‚ | violent behavior.” Ÿ |
| Professor Healy estimated that 90 percent | In 2003, Hans Zeiger, today a Washington |
| of school shootings, over more than a | State Senator, wrote: “Over the past century |
| decade, were linked to SSRI | public education has devolved from the |
| antidepressants (e.g., Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, | classical approach of character plus basics |
| etc.). Œ “We’ve got good evidence that the | (reading, writing, arithmetic, respect and |
| drugs can make people violent and you’d | responsibility), to skills, to psychological- |
| have to reason from that that there may be | social engineering.” Add to that a heavy |
| more episodes of violence,” Dr. Healy | emphasis on the “educational” use of |
| stated. • Further, “What is very, very clear | mind-altering psychotropic drugs that they |
| is that people do become hostile on the | also abuse (10 percent of U.S. college |
| drugs.”  | students report abuse of stimulants like |

Ritalin) and a powder keg has been

In 2014, Charles Gant, MD, Ph.D. and Greg created, waiting for a spark. Lewis, Ph.D. wrote that “criminal activity by young people under the influence of

## 1766 77 67

he theory that a person is violent because reported in The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: T he “stopped taking his medication” is “It is now accepted that all major classes of misleading and omits the fact that it is more psychiatric medication produce distinctive likely to be the withdrawal from a drug of withdrawal effects which mostly reflect their dependence that is experienced—not the return pharmacological activity.” Further, “Just like the of the person’s “untreated mental illness.” various substances that are used recreationally, Numerous studies and expert opinion cited in each type of psychiatric medication induces a this report supports this. Psychotropic drug distinctive altered mental and physical state….,” withdrawal destroys mental faculties and the researchers reported. § creates impulsivity. And it can last years.

“Furthermore,” they said, “discontinuation of The journal Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics most psychoactive substances after chronic use

| published a report in September 2012 about | produces mental and physical changes. |
|---|---|
| persistent post-withdrawal effects which began | Withdrawal from psychiatric medications, |
| six weeks after cessation of taking SSRI | including antidepressants and antipsychotics, is |
| antidepressants. Researchers reviewed | associated with distinctive withdrawal or |
| self-reported adverse events between February | discontinuation syndromes, which are |
| and September 2010 and found post-withdrawal | suppressed by resumption of the drug.” These |
| symptoms “may last several months to years.” | effects are significant, they said, “because they |
| Symptoms included disturbed mood, persistent | may be—and probably often are—mistaken for |
| insomnia, emotional lability, irritability, | signs of relapse,” and their prescribers “may |
| depression, impaired concentration and | wrongly believe that the patient cannot manage |
| memory and poor stress tolerance. –› | without it.” |
| In 2014, the Council for Evidence-Based | In short, as one medical researcher wrote, |
| Psychiatry in the United Kingdom determined: | “Psychiatric drugs perturb normal |
| “Withdrawal from psychiatric drugs can be | neurotransmitter function, and while that |
| disabling and can cause a range of severe | perturbation may curb symptoms over a short |
| physical and psychological effects which often | term, over the long run it increases the |
| last for months and sometimes years….” | likelihood that a person will become chronically |
| [Emphasis added] –¥ | ill, or ill with new and more severe symptoms. A |

review of the scientific literature shows quite Dr. Stuart Shipko, a California psychiatrist who clearly that it is the drug-based paradigm of has published reports on SSRI antidepressant care that is fueling this modern-day plague.” ¨ withdrawal, said his “clinical observation is that long-lasting symptoms occur even in patients Britain’s drug regulatory agency warned that all who taper very slowly, not just those who stop SSRI antidepressants “may be associated with quickly, and that there is no guarantee that withdrawal” and noted that Paxil and Effexor these symptoms will go away no matter how “seem to be associated with a greater long the patient waits.” –¦ frequency of withdrawal reactions.” ©

British psychiatrist Joanna Moncrieff and others Professor Heather Ashton became a leading

authority on benzodiazepine withdrawal in the The FDA also warns that quitting United Kingdom after managing a large benzodiazepines abruptly can result in more

| withdrawal clinic in the 1980s. She described a | than 40 withdrawal side effects, including |
|---|---|
| range of withdrawal symptoms, including | headache, anxiety, tension, depression, |
| nightmares, increased anxiety, panic attacks, | insomnia, confusion, dizziness, derealization |
| perceptual distortions, depersonalization, | and short-term memory loss. |

hallucinations, paranoid thoughts, rage, aggression and irritability to name but a few.  In fact, as John M. Grohol, Psy.D., a researcher, points out, the FDA “doesn’t require In an article on protracted withdrawal pharmaceutical companies to conduct symptoms, Dr. Ashton also said that in chronic withdrawal studies in order to analyze a drug’s users of the drugs, a “sizeable minority, perhaps impact when it’s time to discontinue it. It only

| 10 to 15 percent develop a ‘post-withdrawal | requires a broader safety evaluation, and a |
|---|---|
| syndrome,’ which may linger for months or even | measure of the drug’s efficacy. The FDA is |
| years.” The acute “pharmacological” | concerned about adverse events while a patient |
| benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is | is taking the drug—not adverse events when |
| classically described as lasting 5 to 28 days, | the drug is removed.” – |

with a peak in severity around two weeks post-withdrawal, she said. ‰

### Withdrawal Effects are No. 1 Antidepressant Adverse Reaction Reported to FDA

Drug Exposure During

Pregnancy, 7.68% Drug Withdrawal Syndrome, 12.64%

Suicidal Ideation, 8.04%

Nausea, 12.05% Depression, 9.04%

Insomnia, 9.15% Dizziness, 11.23%

Headache, 9.18% Drug Ineffective, 11.10%

Anxiety, 9.89%

A person “stopping taking his medication” is not the source of violent acts, but likely withdrawal effects from a prescription drug of dependence. Withdrawal effects are common with antidepressant and other psychotropic drugs that include disturbed mood, irritability and impaired concentration that may last months or even years.

## 41985,17CombionC7en17 d87bCbTn7noon17

| hen someone is violent or suicidal in | In 2002, Kimio Moriyama, then vice president of |
|---|---|
| Wthe community and appears to be | the Japanese Psychiatric Association also warned, |
| mentally ill, the “solution” is usually | “…[I]t is impossible for [psychiatric] science to tell |
| involuntary detainment in a psychiatric facility | whether someone has a high potential to repeat |
| and forcibly administered more of the same or | an offense.” ’ |

similar treatment that likely caused or exacerbated the behavior in the first place. James Holmes, prescribed an antidepressant, is a This isn’t a deterrent to violent behavior and good example. At his fourth appointment with his psychiatrists admit they can’t predict violence psychiatrist, Lynne Fenton at the University of

anyway. Colorado Denver, on 17 April, 2012, Holmes told her that his homicidal thoughts had increased. ¬ Consider Parkland school shooter Nikolas “Aside from the fact that you have a guy who is Cruz. He spent years attending Henderson now actively beginning to think and plan about Mental Health Clinic. Police were called to his harming others in a way that he just hadn’t been

| home 36 times, yet a therapist with the center | doing before, you have a change of personality. |
|---|---|
| deemed Cruz “to be no threat to anyone or | This is a totally different person,” said Professor |
| himself” in 2016. ›› | Healy. ® But Fenton didn’t act on the warning |

signals. ¯ In an article in the Rutgers Law Review, Henry Steadman and Joseph Cocozza concluded, Holmes’ mother Arlene said she didn’t even know “There is no empirical evidence to support the James was being treated by a psychiatrist until position that psychiatrists have any special more than a month before the shooting. expertise in accurately predicting According to Arlene, the psychiatrist never dangerousness.” › informed her that her son was having murderous thoughts. “She never said he was thinking of “There is no instrument that is specifically killing people. I would have been crawling on all useful or validated for identifying potential fours to get to him. She didn't tell me.” ± school shooters or mass murderers,” according to Stephen D. Hart, a psychologist Edmund Kemper III was the inspiration behind the at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, film Silence of the Lambs and a key player in

quoted in The Washington Post in 2013. › Netflix’s Mindhunter. At 15, he shot dead his grandparents. After five years at Atascadero State An American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) Hospital, psychiatrists released him as

| task force report admitted as much in 1974, | rehabilitated. One wrote, “…it is my opinion that |
|---|---|
| stating, “Psychiatric expertise in the prediction | he had made a very excellent response to the |
| of ‘dangerousness’ is not established and | years of treatment and rehabilitation and I would |
| clinicians should avoid ‘conclusory judgments | see no psychiatric reason to consider him to be of |
| in this regard.’” ›Š | any danger to himself or to any member of |

society….” Kemper went on to kill and dismember The APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of six women and then his mother, having sex with Mental Disorders (DSM) contains a cautionary her decapitated head. › The late District Attorney notice about not using the manual for forensic Peter Chang said two psychiatrists had declared purposes as there are significant risks that the Kemper harmless midway through his murder information will be misused or misunderstood. ‘ spree.  Kemper is now serving eight life sentences.

## 41985,7Co,8mboin1 e7i1dmbd7C5

f potential aggressive and violent acts and the number of heroin overdose deaths. The

## Isuicide being linked to psychotropic drugs biggest killers were sedatives (benzodiazepines

were not enough, often these drugs are also such as Xanax and Z-drugs such as Ambien), abused. And there is the risk of inadvertent or antidepressants, psychostimulants (Ritalin, deliberate overdose leading to death. amphetamine, and methamphetamine), and antipsychotics. Š Between 1999 and 2013, death rates from overdose of prescription psychiatric drugs rose Prescriptions for benzodiazepines (sedative

an astonishing 240 percent.  hypnotics) more than tripled and fatal overdoses more than quadrupled between 1996

| In 2014, 10,574 people died of heroin overdose | and 2013. ‘ In 2015 alone, there were about |
|---|---|
| while 15,778 died from an overdose of | 9,000 benzodiazepine-related deaths |
| psychiatric drugs, nearly 50 percent more than | reported. ’ |

### No. Of Psychiatric Drug Prescriptions 1999-2013

250,000,000

| 200,000,000 | Antidepressants |
|---|---|
| 150,000,000 | Sedatives |
| 100,000,000 | Antipsychotics |
| 50,000,000 | Psychostimulants |

0

1999 2001 2007 2010201120122013 2000 20022003200420052006 20082009

### Psychiatric Drugs Cause More Overdose Deaths Than Heroin

3.5

3 Heroin 10,574 2.5 Sedatives 2 15,778

1.5 Antidepressants Combined

1 Total Psychosimulants

0.5 Overdoses Deaths per 100,000 Antipsychotics 0

1999 2001 2007 20102011201220132014 2000 20022003200420052006 20082009

In 2014, 10,574 people died of heroin overdose while 15,778 died from an overdose of psychiatric drugs, nearly 50% more.

## 4210of 4pl il c0esh tnp0o0gf ar u2db

Deputy Chief of Police of one of the largest was, instead, involuntarily committed to a

## Apolice departments in the U.S. stated that psychiatric facility. This was despite his already

the police sit in the front row seats of the chaos being admitted to a mental institution and, in society. That chaos is evident in news according to a family friend, was released a headlines that report increasing numbers of week before the killing. seemingly psychotic, irrational acts of violence, some of which appear to have no motive. While clearly a troubled and unstable man, the question is whether the drugs he was

| In 2012, an FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin | prescribed were the driving force behind his |
|---|---|
| pointed out that “Law enforcement always has | senseless act. Such drugs don’t excuse the |
| been a dangerous profession because officers | crime, but do offer a potential reason for why |
| risk their lives to form a barrier between | law enforcement officers (LEOs) are facing |
| criminals and society.” „… The National Law | some in the community who are inflicting |
| Enforcement Memorial Fund provides examples | self-harm or committing heinously violent |
| of those risks: over the 10-year period ending in | crimes and “suicide by cop.” |

2015—an average of 144 police officers was

| killed each year. In 2013, nearly 50,000 police | According to preliminary statistics from the FBI, |
|---|---|
| officers were assaulted—or nine out of every | in 2016, 66 LEOs were feloniously killed in the |
| 100 officers were attacked. „’ | line of duty. This was an increase of 61 percent |

compared with the 41 officers killed in 2015. „¡

| A study published in the International Journal of | A 2009 study published in the Journal of |
|---|---|
| Law Psychiatry reported that “police officers | Forensic Studies examined more than 700 |
| typically spend more time dealing with a mental | officer-involved shootings in North America and |
| disturbance call than they spend on calls | classified 36 percent of them as “suicide by |
| involving traffic accidents, burglaries or | cop.” |

assaults. Police officers report such situations as problematic because persons with mental Ann Blake Tracy, Ph.D., head of the International illness may not respond well to traditional Coalition for Drug Awareness, said we have a police tactics.” „” whole new vocabulary today as a result of widespread antidepressant use, with terms Consider the horrific case reported in March such as “road rage,” “murder/suicide,” “going

2017 of North Carolina resident, 18-year-old postal” and “suicide by cop.” „¤ Oliver Funes Machado, who decapitated his mother because “he felt like it.” The first deputy “Suicide by cop” is where someone deliberately on the scene reported that Machado was puts a plan in motion to compel officers to use “carrying a knife in one hand and a severed deadly force. When officers are involved in human head in the other.” Charged with first such incidents, when the person wants them to degree murder, Machado was on four take their life, “it is completely outside the rubric psychiatric drugs at the time of the crime. „˜ In of what policing is about,” David Klinger, a

| October 2017, the charges against him were | criminology and criminal justice professor at the |
|---|---|
| dropped after the teen was found to be | University of Missouri-St. Louis said. No one |
| incapable of following the proceedings and | keeps statistics on such incidents in the U.S., |

but in San Diego, a report by the District Furthermore, how many police are killed in the

| Attorney’s Office in 2015 found that 19 percent of | line of duty because of someone under the |
|---|---|
| the 358 officer-involved shootings between 1993 | influence of violence- or suicide-inducing |
| and 2012 were considered “suicide by cop.” „„ | psychotropic drugs? |

### A Case Study

| In May 2015, a suicidal veteran, Craig Burton, | Administration offered him his job back and a |
|---|---|
| fired 11 shots during an encounter with police in | promotion. “That speaks volumes to me,” Judge |
| Spokane, Washington, for which he was found | Price said. “I think counsel will agree with me |
| guilty of assault in February 2016. Burton, aged | that this is really a heartbreaking case.” |

26, who worked at the Spokane Veteran’s Administration Hospital at the time of the Burton apologized to the officer who shot him, incident, testified during his trial that he was saying he knew the shooting caused trying to force police to shoot him as part of a psychological trauma to the officer. “Nobody “suicide by cop” plan. He had previously was supposed to get hurt,” he said. “I’m attempted suicide by overdosing on apologetic to all the officers involved that night. prescription drugs while on the antidepressant It shouldn’t have happened.” ª® Paxil. Despite the fact that Paxil can cause suicidal thoughts, doctors had doubled his dose Regarding Paxil, Burton stated: “I should have of the antidepressant. never been put on that drug. When I made my first suicide attempt, I should have been Officer Nicholas Spolski shot Burton in the immediately taken off that drug.” ª° abdomen after Burton emerged from his yard into an alley, ignoring multiple commands to Manhattan-based psychiatrist and author Kelly drop the gun. At trial, Burton testified he had Brogan, MD, said she put down her prescription unloaded his gun before walking out into the pad after learning three facts about psychiatric alley and intended to provoke police into drugs: shooting him. „ª They result in worse long-term outcomes; Spokane County Superior Court Judge Michael They are debilitatingly habit forming; Price was required by law to sentence Burton to They cause unpredictable violence. ª… 10 years but said that the vet was a father of two children, had no criminal record and had Our societies and law enforcement often bear served his country honorably as a combat the consequences of these drugs. medic. Additionally, the Veterans

### “Suicide by Cop Study”

of police shootings are suicide by cop “Suicide by cop is happening so often that one

## 36%

study called it a rising tide that must be stopped.” - NewsOn6 in Oklahoma. In

have a gun or fake gun November 2014, Attorney Scott Wood, who has

## 80%

represented dozens of officers involved in shootings in the past two decades said, “Since

involve men the early 90s, suicide by cop has tripled.” ª’

## 95%

## Medical Solutions CreateReal Mental Health Care

n his June 2017 report on global mental run across countless people with chronic back

## Ihealth care, United Nations Health Rights pain who were labeled neurotic. A typical

Special Rapporteur Dr. Dainius Pūras stated. “I statement from these poor patients is ‘I thought am calling on states to move away from I really was going crazy.’” †Ÿ The last thing a traditional practices and thinking and enable a person needs is a drug that masks and long overdue shift to a rights-based approach. exacerbates the problem. The status quo is simply unacceptable.” †‡ He added: “Mental health policies and services are The California Department of Mental Health in crisis—not a crisis of chemical imbalances, Medical Evaluation Field Manual stated, “Mental but of power imbalances. We need bold health professionals working within a mental political commitments, urgent policy responses health system have a professional and a legal and immediate remedial action.” obligation to recognize the presence of physical disease in their patients...physical diseases may There are numerous medical and non-harmful cause a patient’s mental disorder [or] may alternatives to subjective psychiatric labeling worsen a mental disorder.…” †£ and potentially harmful drugs. Such options must rely upon standard medical examination Dr. Mary Ann Block, a best-selling author,

| and care. In 2000, the U.S. government’s | including Just Because You’re Depressed |
|---|---|
| National Council on Disabilities said: “Mental | Doesn’t Mean You Have Depression, also said, |
| treatment should be about healing not | “Many doctors don’t do physical exams before |
| punishment…Also, public policy should move | prescribing psychiatric drugs…This is not how I |
| toward the elimination of electroconvulsive | was taught to practice medicine. In my medical |
| therapy and psychosurgery as unproven and | education, I was taught to do a complete history |
| inherently inhumane procedures. Effective | and physical exam. I was taught to consider |
| human alternatives to these techniques exist | something called a ‘differential diagnosis.’ To do |
| now and should be promoted.” †— | this, one must consider all possible underlying |

causes of the symptoms.” †¥ Although Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR) does not condone or promote Medical facilities need to be established that any specific practitioner, medical organization, have a full complement of diagnostic equipment practice or group, it does respect and to use to locate underlying physical conditions recommend that anyone with a mental in those presenting with “psychiatric” health/behavioral problem seek competent symptoms. Government and private funds medical care, especially to ascertain whether an should be channeled into this and cut for undiagnosed, untreated physical condition may abusive psychiatric institutions that rely on be manifesting as a “psychiatric” symptom. mind-controlling drugs rather than legitimate medical help. Treatment that heals should be For example, Dr. Thomas Dorman, an internist, delivered in a calm atmosphere characterized said, “Clinicians should first of all remember by tolerance, safety, security and respect for that emotional stress associated with a chronic people’s rights. illness or a painful condition can alter the patient’s temperament. In my practice I have Visit: https://www.cchrint.org/alternatives

## Summary

he information in this report is not to

### Recommendations

## Texcuse violent crimes and make the

| perpetrator blameless, but to demonstrate why | 1. Legislative hearings should be held to fully |
|---|---|
| there may be a much different type of violent | investigate the correlation between |
| behavior that police and the community face | psychiatric treatment and violence and |
| today compared to 50 years ago. All | suicide. |

psychotropic drugs are called that because they

| are mind-altering or mind–turning. For some of | 2. Toxicology testing for psychiatric and even |
|---|---|
| those taking them, the consequences can be | illicit drugs should be mandatory in cases |
| serious. For the community, where the | where someone has committed a mass |
| psychiatric drug consumer acts wittingly or | shooting or other serious violent crime, the |
| unwittingly due to the drug’s adverse effects | information from which would become part |
| and kills, the results are tragic and catastrophic. | of a national database that all branches and |

levels of law enforcement could access. For Doctors Charles Gant and Greg Lewis wrote: example, a New York Assembly Bill

| “The area in which we need much more | introduced in 2015, would have required |
|---|---|
| restrictive laws” is “against allowing | police agencies to report to the Department |
| psychotropic chemicals to get into the brains of | of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) on |
| children 21 years of age and younger, during | certain crimes and suicides committed by a |
| which time their brains are developing and very | person who was using psychotropic drugs. |
| vulnerable. The war against drugs needs to | These crimes included assault, homicide, |
| begin with eliminating prescription | sex offenses, robbery offenses, firearms and |
| psychotropic drug availability to and used by | other dangerous weapons offenses, |
| our children. Gun control laws or the lack | kidnapping and arson. A report on |
| thereof, had nothing to do with the Newtown | psychiatric drug usage in such crimes would |
| massacre. Adam Lanza was denied a permit to | regularly be made public to identify which |
| purchase a gun, but that didn’t prevent him | drugs are most associated with violence. |

from committing a gun crime. In the meantime,

| and for a long time to come, there are going to | 3. Train law enforcement officers, school |
|---|---|
| be great quantities of ‘legal’ psychotropic drugs | security and teachers in the adverse effects |
| out there, not least because ‘psych meds’ are | of psychotropic drugs in order to recognize |
| still going to be prescribed to children as if they | that irrational, violent and suicidal behavior |
| were candy.” †† | in persons they may face could be |

influenced by these drugs.

This report is to provide law enforcement,

| legislators, policy makers, healthcare | 4. No student shall be forced to take any |
|---|---|
| professionals and educators with facts about | psychotropic drug as a requisite of their |
| the potential risks of violent, irrational and | education in alignment with Title 20 of |
| suicidal behavior that psychotropic drugs may | United States Code: Chapter 33, “Education |
| cause and the devastating side effects while | of Individuals with Disabilities,” Subchapter |
| withdrawing from them. | II, (25) “Prohibition on mandatory |

medication.”

### Citizens Commission on Human Rights International

The Citizens Commission on Human Rights mental health system and ensuring legal (CCHR) is a non-profit, non-political and protections are afforded them.” non-religious mental health watchdog

| established in 1969 by the Church of | Its Board of Advisors, called Commissioners, |
|---|---|
| Scientology and the late Dr. Thomas Szasz, | includes doctors, psychologists, attorneys, |
| professor of psychiatry, Syracuse University of | educators, artists, businessmen and civil and |
| New York Health Science Center. CCHR works | human rights representatives. |

to enact protections for and increase consumer rights, especially informed consent rights and to CCHR’s work aligns with the U.N. Universal raise public awareness about psychiatric Declaration of Human Rights, in particular the

abuses. following precepts: Article 3: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person” and

| It has assisted many thousands of individuals | Article 5: “No one shall be subjected to torture |
|---|---|
| who have been adversely treated in the U.S. | or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or |
| mental health system and globally. It is the only | punishment.” |

group that has obtained more than 180 consumer/mental health patient-protection In an effort to provide accurate information, laws in the world, receiving recognition from the CCHR has made available on its website Special Rapporteur to the United Nations (www.cchrint.org) a psychiatric drug search

| Human Rights Commission for being | engine containing 409 international drug |
|---|---|
| “responsible for many great reforms.” | regulatory warnings, 553 studies and over |

400,000 adverse reaction reports on psychiatric Congressional recognitions of its work include a drugs filed with the U.S. FDA on psychiatric resolution by Congresswoman Diane Watson drugs. and others, acknowledging that “CCHR has secured numerous reforms around the world, https://www.cchrint.org/psychdrugdangers/ safeguarding others from abuses in the

CCHR International 6616 Sunset Blvd • Los Angeles, CA 90028 • USA (323) 467-4242 humanrights@cchr.org www.cchrint.org Twitter: @CCHRInt • Facebook: @CCHRInternational • Instagram: @CCHRInt • YouTube: @CCHRInt

## CCHR Recognitions

U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES organizationdevoted to the highest ideals of RESOLUTION: “CCHR has secured numerous mental health services.” - CA State reforms around the world, safeguarding others Representative Raymond N. Haynes from abuses in the mental health system and ensuring legal protections are afforded them.” “I found all of your personnel very positive, eager, intelligent and exceptionally well “CCHR is a shining example of what people can informed on issues that are obscure to the accomplish in a free society. Through united majority of the population.... I commend you and action, effective education and advocacy, CCHR your staff for the tireless energy and unselfish has helped to bring about critically needed commitment to solving one of societies healthcare reforms that make our society and neglected and secret problems—'experimental country a better place.” - Congressman Dan psychiatry.’” - Dennis D. Bauer, Senior Deputy Burton District Attorney, Orange County, California

CERTIFICATE OF SPECIAL CONGRESSIONAL “I would like to congratulate the Citizens RECOGNITION: Congress recognizes “the Commission on Human Rights for its consistent Citizens Commission on Human Rights for its work in exposing fraudulent and harmful longstanding commitment to advancing the practices in the field of mental health. The fundamental freedoms set forth in the Universal CCHR staff is a dedicated group. Their Declaration of Human Rights and the expertise, publications, and reports are a tool Nuremberg Code. CCHR serves as a stellar for any investigator conducting investigations example of the united power of individuals who into mental health fraud or other criminal achieve reform through dedicated efforts to activity in the system. CCHR’s work and better society and effective education and materials also alert consumers and the public advocacy. We recognize CCHR for the many about the degree of mental health fraud and great reforms it has championed, which today abuse that they, too, can easily become a victim protect individuals against cruel, inhumane and of.” - Dennis Cowan, former Health Care Fraud degrading treatment and for its leadership role Investigator, California in raising public awareness so that dignity and human rights can be returned to all men.” - U.S. “I congratulate CCHR for its efforts to protect Congresswoman Loretta Sanchez, Senator individuals from cruel, inhumane, and Diane Watson, Congressman Dan Sherman degrading treatments.” – U.S. Congressman

### Ron Paul CALIFORNIA STATE ASSEMBLY

RECOGNITION: “[CCHR] is renowned for its “We broadly recognize CCHR’s unprecedented long-standing work aimed at preventing the fight in mankind’s history against psychiatric inappropriate labeling and psychotropic abuses, its protection of children from abusive drugging of children.... The contributions that practices and treatments and encourage the Citizens Commission on Human Rights CCHR’s humanitarian work.” - Committee of International has made to the local, national and Science and Technology, Federal House of international areas on behalf of mental health Representatives, Mexico issues are invaluable and reflect an

## Appendix Contents

| Violent Killers: Drug Links | 28 |
|---|---|
| Teen Killers & Violence | 29 |
| Appendix A: Sample Studies: Drugs Cause Violent Effects | 30 |
| Appendix B: Sample Studies: Psychiatric Drugs Cause | 37 |

Addiction - Withdrawal Effects Create Havoc

Appendix C: Sample Acts of Violence Linked to 39 Psychiatic Drugs

References 53

## Violent Killers: Drug Links

| Joseph Wesbecker (47) | Aaron Alexis (34) | Ivan Lopez (34) | Troy Bellar (34) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drug: Prozac | Drug: Trazodone | Drugs: Ambien, | Drug: Tegretol |
| 8 dead, 12 wounded | 13 dead, 8 wounded | antidepressants | 4 dead, including a |
| Suicide | Suicide | 4 dead, 16 wounded | 5-month-old |
| Suicide | Suicide |  |  |
| Bradley Stone (35) | Andreas Lubitz (27) | Arcan Cetin (20) | Robert Stewart (45) |
| Drugs: Trazadone, | Drugs: antidepressant | Drug: Prozac | Drugs: Lexapro, Xanax, |
| risperidone | & lorazepam | 5 dead | Ambien |
| 7 dead | Germanwings pilot | 8 dead, 3 wounded |  |
| Suicide | 150 dead, Suicide |  |  |
| Elliot Rodger (22) | Matti Saari (22) | James Holmes (24) | Scott DeKraai (41) |
| Drugs: Xanax & Vicodin | Drugs: Xanax & SSRI | Drugs: sertraline | Drugs: antidepressant |
| 6 dead, 13 wounded | antidepressant | & clonazepam | & mood stabilizer |
| Suicide | 11 dead, 1 wounded | 12 dead, 70 wounded | 8 dead, 1 injured |

Suicide

## Teen Killers & Violence

| Jose Reyes (12) | John Odgren (16) | Oliver Funes Machada (18) Robert Hawkins (19) |  |
|---|---|---|---|
| Drug: Prozac | Drug: Ritalin | Drugs: 4 psychiatric | Drug: Valium |
| 1 dead, 2 wounded | 1 dead | Decapitated mother | 9 dead, 5 wounded |
| Suicide | Suicide |  |  |
| Jeff Weise (16) | Cory Baadsgaard (16) | Eric Harris (18) | Asa Coon (14) |
| Drug: Prozac | Drug: antidepressant | Drug: Luvox | Drug: Trazadone |
| 10 dead, 7 wounded 23 classmates held hostage 2 dead, 26 wounded | 4 wounded |  |  |
| Suicide | Attempted suicide | Suicide | Suicide |
| Kip Kinkel (15) | Elizabeth Bush (14) | T.J. Solomon (15) | Ali David Sonboly (18) |
| Drugs: Ritalin & Prozac | Drug: Prozac | Drug: Ritalin | Drugs: for “Social Anxiety |
| 4 dead, 25 wounded | 1 wounded | 6 wounded | Disorder” & depression |

9 dead, 35 wounded Suicide

## 43310“I w4

## asc3o1want“I1lywgitelwdstl1w…IMo10nwmp1rnl

his appendix includes details about studies A sample of studies and drug regulatory agency

| T and a sample of more than 60 acts of | warnings supporting concerns about |
|---|---|
| violence linked to psychotropic drugs. | psychotropic drug-induced violence and/or |

suicide includes:

In December 1993, Steven Leith, a Chelsea, Michigan teacher, fatally shot a school

### 2017

superintendent and wounded two others, including a fellow teacher. He was taking British Medical Journal and Journal of

| Prozac prescribed for depression while caring | Epidemiology Community Health, April 11, |
|---|---|
| for his wife dying of cancer. Convicted and in | 2017: Researchers with the National Institute |
| jail, he was remorseful over what he’d done and | for Health and Welfare in Finland examined |
| wrote to the FDA Commissioner asking for | “whether young violent offenders were more |
| Prozac to be taken off the market. | likely antidepressant users prior to their first |

violent offence than other young persons.”

| The mind-altering effects of the drug are telling. | They looked at young offenders aged 15 to 18 |
|---|---|
| He wrote: | and found that “antidepressant use (both |

overall and SSRIs) prior to violent crime was “I was constantly agitated…My temper more common among those convicted than became shorter and anything could set me among those without convictions.” The off. My anger burned so intensely it was crimes did not involve manslaughter or scary. I had never experienced anything like it attempted manslaughter. The researchers either before going on Prozac or since I was concluded: “The results of this study add taken off of it. I had a headache all the time further evidence for exercising caution in the and was confused much of the time. use of antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, Something inside felt as if it wanted to crawl among children and youth, and to rely on out of me…After nearly two years of decline, I other treatment methods.” ° snapped and killed the Superintendent at a

| grievance meeting…Only minutes later I was | In May 2017, researchers, including Dr. |
|---|---|
| going about the normal routine in my | Gregory Plemmons, an associate professor of |
| classroom, wondering if the shooting had really | pediatrics at Monroe Carell Jr. Children's |
| transpired; it did not seem real…So here I am, a | Hospital at Vanderbilt, showed that the |
| trained educator, being punished for something | number of children and adolescents that |
| I would not have done if I had not been on | were aged five to 17 and were hospitalized for |
| Prozac. The Superintendent, a talented man, is | suicidal thoughts or actions doubled over an |
| dead and his family is bitter over his loss and | eight year period, ending 2015. Children 5 |
| their wrecked lives…My wife was disgraced in | through 11—a total of 15,050 kids— |
| the community due to my actions, and she died | represented nearly 13 percent of the total, |
| from the cancer two years later without me | and those aged 15 to 17 represented slightly |
| having been there to help her and comfort | more than 50 percent. While numerous |
| her….This drug is dangerous. Both you and I | theories behind the increase were given |
| know it, and it is time to do the right thing. | (without concrete proof), Carl Tishler, an |
| Declare this drug unsafe and take it off the | adjunct associate professor of psychology |
| market.” | and psychiatry at Ohio State University, said |

| that with “an estimated 12 to 15 million | serious events which included homicidal |
|---|---|
| children on psychotropic medications,” any | threat, homicidal ideation, assault, sexual |
| time their doses begin or get increased or | molestation, a threat to take a gun to |
| decreased, “it may cause a change in | school (all five participants were |
| emotional state which may reduce impulse | receiving sertraline (the generic of |
| control.” This could contribute to suicidal | Zoloft), damage to property, punching |
| urges. • | household items, aggressive assault, |

verbally abusive and aggressive threats (all five participants were receiving

### 2016

paroxetine, the generic of Paxil), and

| British Medical Journal: January 27, 2016: | belligerence (fluoxetine, generic of |
|---|---|
| Professor Peter C. Gøtzsche and other | Prozac). |

researchers reported: “Perpetrators of school shootings and similar events have often been The International Journal of Geriatric

| reported to be users of antidepressants….” | Psychiatry, February 18, 2016: Researchers |
|---|---|
| Antidepressants, including the use of | found “a larger proportion of patients” |
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors | diagnosed with dementia taking |
| (SSRIs) and Serotonin-Norepinephrine | antipsychotics “exhibited psychosis and |
| Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), put at risk the | agitation compared with those on no ation, |
| lives of individuals prescribed them. Ÿ | while those on antidepressants exhibited |

more depressive symptoms.” Further, “More The researchers studied clinical trial reports intense psychotic symptoms and agitation for five antidepressants obtained from were associated with antipsychotic use; more European and UK drug regulators, and intense anxiety and agitation were associated summary trial reports for duloxetine with sedative-hypnotic use.” « (Cymbalta) and fluoxetine (Prozac) from their

| manufacturer, Eli Lilly’s website. This | Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, August 11, |
|---|---|
| encompassed 70 trials (64,381 pages of | 2016: This study evaluated the literature on |
| clinical study reports) with 18,526 patients. | adverse events, tolerability and safety of |
| Their findings included: | various antidepressants (including SSRIs and |

SNRIs). The researchers said the use of these There was a doubling of the risk for both antidepressants are likely to yield significant aggressive behavior and suicidality for side effects, which include amongst others: children and adolescents. affective disorder (apathy, switching into hypomania or mania, paradoxical effects); Akathisia was found with use of suicidality and discontinuation (withdrawal) psychotropic drugs. This is an extreme syndromes. In fact, the researchers said some form of restlessness, which some patients antidepressant-related side effects “may describe as wanting to “jump out of their persist long after treatment skin” that may increase the risk of suicide discontinuation… . ” ¬ and violence.

October 2016: The Pharmaceutical Journal Tranquilizers (e.g., Xanax, Valium, reported that even healthy adults who are Klonopin) and sleeping aids (e.g., Ambien) taking certain antidepressants have a higher were used in many of the studies, which risk of suicidal thoughts and violent behavior, tend to obscure aggression and akathisia according to the results of a systematic events— meaning these conditions may review. “While it is now generally accepted be under-reported. that antidepressants increase the risk of suicide and violence in children and Patient narratives were available for adolescents (although many psychiatrists still

deny this), most people believe that these medications that relieve pain, manage drugs are not dangerous for adults. This is a epilepsy and control addictions, over a potentially lethal misconception,” warned the seven-year period. The findings showed that researchers, based at the Nordic Cochrane tranquilizers increased the risk of committing

| Centre and the University of Copenhagen in | a homicide by 45 percent and antidepressant |
|---|---|
| Denmark.  Writing in the Journal of the Royal | use increased the risk by 31 percent. [The |
| Society of Medicine, the team said: “We | researchers were surprised to find that the |
| found that antidepressants double the risk of | use of anti-inflammatory pain relievers was |
| suicidality and violence, and it is particularly | tied to an increase of more than 200 percent |
| interesting that the volunteers in the studies | in the risk of committing homicide, while |
| we reviewed were healthy adults with no | opioid pain relievers elevated risk by 92 |
| signs of a mental disorder.” The researchers | percent.] – |

pointed out the difficulty in obtaining full data

| about adverse events with these drugs: | PLoS Medicine, September 15, 2015: |
|---|---|
| “There can be little doubt that we | Information was extracted on 856,493 |
| underestimated the harms of | individuals from Swedish national registers |
| antidepressants… it [is] well documented | who were prescribed SSRI antidepressants |
| that the drug companies underreport | and subsequently committed violent crimes |
| seriously the harms of antidepressants | during 2006 through 2009. Researchers |
| related to suicide and violence, either by | found a significant association between |
| simply omitting them from the reports, by | SSRIs and violent crime convictions for |
| calling them something else or by | individuals aged 15 to 24 years and |
| committing scientific misconduct.” They said | concluded, “…we demonstrated associations |
| their results suggest that it is likely that | between SSRIs and violent crime that vary |
| antidepressants increase the number of | by age group. The clinical and public health |
| suicides in people of all ages. ‚ | implications of this require careful |

consideration, and validation in other settings.” š The individuals were more likely

### 2015

to be convicted of a homicide, assault,

| World Psychiatry, June 1, 2015: Researchers | robbery, arson, kidnapping, sexual offense or |
|---|---|
| said that taking not only tranquilizers but also | other violent crime when they were taking |
| regular prescription pain relievers is linked | the medications than when they weren’t. œž |

with an increased risk of committing homicide. Researchers in Europe found that

### 2014

people who were on certain prescription drugs were at greatest risk of killing someone, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric

| compared with people who were not using | Epidemiology, March 18, 2014: The study |
|---|---|
| them. The high-risk drugs included | found that people taking psychotropic drugs |
| benzodiazepines and opioids. The | were nearly six times more likely to kill |
| researchers looked at data collected from | themselves, while people who spent time in |
| about 960 men and women in Finland, aged | the previous year in a psychiatric hospital |
| 13 to 88, who were all convicted of homicide. | were over 44 times more likely to kill |
| For a control group, the researchers matched | themselves. œœ |

each person who committed homicide with 10 other people who had not committed Australian and New Zealand Journal of

| homicide but were the same age and gender, | Psychiatry, September 2, 2014: The authors |
|---|---|
| and lived in the same town. The researchers | examined 46 studies on the relationship |
| then searched a nationwide drug registry, | between benzodiazepines and aggressive |
| looking at whether the people in the study | behaviors and found “An association |
| had used psychiatric drugs, as well as | between benzodiazepine use and |

subsequent aggressive behavior was found Medicare and Medicaid Services, August

| in the majority of the more rigorous | 2013, published a report which stated, |
|---|---|
| studies… . ” Diazepam [Valium] and | “Antidepressant medications have been |
| alprazolam [Xanax] received the most | shown to increase the risk of suicidal thinking |
| attention. The study concluded: “There | and behavior. In a pooled-analysis of |
| appears to be a moderate association | short-term, placebo-controlled trials of nine |
| between some benzodiazepines and | antidepressant medications, patients taking |
| subsequent aggressive behavior in | an antidepressant had twice the risk of |
| humans.” œ¥ | suicidality in the first few months of |

treatment than those taking placebo. The

| 2013 | long-term risk is unknown.” œ |
|---|---|
| Scientific American, September 20, 2013: The | 2011 |

Drug Safety Research Unit in Southampton, England, study of paroxetine (Paxil) and European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology,

| fluoxetine (Prozac) involving more than | June 8, 2011: The study found that |
|---|---|
| 25,000 subjects, showed that one out of | “...benzodiazepines and [SSRI antidepressants] |
| every 250 were involved in “a violent | are the main pharmacological classes able to |
| episode,” including 31 assaults and one | induce aggressive behavior.” All reports of |
| homicide. Ϭ | adverse drug reactions (ADR) recorded in the |

FPVD (French Pharmaco-Vigilance

| Scientific American, September 2013: This | Database) between January 1, 1985 and July |
|---|---|
| also reported that a website maintained by | 31, 2008 which included the terms |
| the U.S. National Institutes of Health stated | aggressiveness or violence were selected. |
| that trazodone, generic of Desyrel, and other | The benzodiazepines included alprazolam |
| antidepressants have been associated with | (Xanax) and bromazepam (Lexotan, |
| “new or worsening depression; thinking | Rekotnil). œ‚ |

about harming or killing yourself, or

planning or trying to do so; extreme worry; 2010 agitation; panic attacks; difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep; aggressive Journal of the American Medical Association,

| behavior; irritability; acting without | April 14, 2010: In 2008, the FDA mandated a |
|---|---|
| thinking; severe restlessness; and frenzied | warning labeling for anticonvulsant |
| abnormal excitement.” œ« | medications regarding the increased risk of |

suicidal thoughts and behaviors—these Scientific American reported on another drugs are also administered to counter the

| study involving more than 9,000 subjects | side effects of antipsychotics and are |
|---|---|
| taking the antidepressant paroxetine (Paxil) | prescribed off-label for depressive disorder |
| for depression and other disorders showed | and anxiety. Researchers concluded that |
| that subjects experienced more than twice as | some anticonvulsants have a higher risk of |
| many “hostility events” as subjects taking a | suicidal acts/violent deaths than others. |
| placebo. Professor David Healy added in the | Gabapentin (generic of Neurontin) and |
| article: “I have had clinical experience of at | lamotrigine (generic of Lamictal), are also |
| least one older man, with no prior history of | associated with behavioral problems, |
| violence, who became homicidal after a week | including aggression and hyperactivity. The |
| on citalopram [generic of the antidepressant | FDA found that patients taking these drugs |
| Celexa] where the problem cleared up once | had approximately twice the risk of suicidal |
| treatment had stopped.” œ¬ | behavior or ideation (0.43 per 100) compared |

with patients receiving placebo (0.22 per

Health and Human Services and Centers for 100). œ–

PLoS One, December 1, 2010: Researchers took the FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting

| System data and extracted all “serious | February 2006: Health Canada approved a |
|---|---|
| adverse event” reports for drugs with 200 or | new warning label for Paxil (paroxetine) that |
| more cases received from 2004 through | patients “may experience unusual feelings of |
| September 2009. Of the 484 drugs identified, | agitation, hostility or anxiety, or have |
| 31 drugs were disproportionately associated | impulsive or disturbing thoughts, such as |
| with violence. These drugs, accounting for | thoughts of self-harm or harm to others.” ™¥ |

79 percent of all the violence cases, included

| 25 psychotropic drugs. This included eleven | The Archives of General Psychiatry, August |
|---|---|
| antidepressants, six sedative/hypnotics and | 2006: A study by Mark Olfson, MD, MPH and |
| three drugs for treatment of attention deficit | colleagues stated that in children and |
| hyperactivity disorder. The specific cases of | adolescents, “the risk of suicide attempts was |
| violence included: homicide, physical | 1.52 times higher after antidepressant drug |
| assaults, physical abuse, homicidal ideation, | treatment compared with no antidepressant |
| and cases described as violence-related | drug treatment.” They were also 15 times |
| symptoms. ‹Œ Among the top 10 drugs, the | more likely to succeed in their suicide |
| antidepressants were: desvenlafaxine | attempt. ™¨ |

(Pristiq), venlafaxine (Effexor), fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), and fluoxetine Public Library of Science Medicine,

| (Prozac). Also in the top 10 were atomoxetine | September 2006: A study determined that |
|---|---|
| (Strattera), used to treat ADHD, and the | newer antidepressants could increase the |
| benzodiazepine triazolam (Halcion). The | risk of violence in people taking them. They |
| number one drug was Chantix (varenicline), a | looked specifically at GlaxoSmithKline's |
| smoking cessation drug. ™š The FDA found | (GSK) paroxetine (Paxil) and concluded the |
| that Chantix was linked to a large number of | drug raises the risk of severe violence in |
| hallucinations, suicide attempts and | some people. The study stated: “In |
| psychotic behavior. ™‹ | paroxetine clinical trials, aggression and |

violence were commonly coded under the rubric of hostility. This coding term includes

### 2009

homicide, homicidal acts, and homicidal

| Pediatrics, February 1, 2009: Andrew | ideation as well as aggressive events and |
|---|---|
| Mosholder, formerly from the Office of | ‘conduct disorders’…. ” Researchers also |
| Surveillance and Epidemiology, Center for | reported: “Another mechanism that may |
| Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, and | contribute to hostile events is treatment- |
| others, reported spontaneous case reports of | induced emotional blunting. Several reports |
| patients treated for ADHD, which showed a | published since 1990 have linked SSRI intake |
| likely causal association between certain | with the production of emotional blunting, |
| psychotropic drugs and signs and symptoms | detachment, or amotivational syndrome, |
| of psychosis or mania, notably | described in one report as the equivalent to a |
| hallucinations, in some patients. The authors | “chemical lobotomy.” ™® |

concluded, “Patients and physicians should be aware that psychosis or mania arising

### 2005

during drug treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may The European Medicines Agency’s Committee represent adverse drug reactions.” The for Medicinal Products for Human Use

| prescription drugs were amphetamine/ | (CHMP), concluded at an April 2005 meeting |
|---|---|
| dextroamphetamine (Adderall), atomoxetine | that suicide-related behavior (suicide |
| (Strattera), or methylphenidate | attempt and suicidal thoughts), and hostility |
| (Ritalin/Concerta/Daytrana). ™™ | (predominantly aggression, oppositional |

behavior and anger) were more frequently for worsening depression or the emergence observed in clinical trials among children and of suicidality. Further, “Anxiety, agitation, adolescents treated with antidepressants panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, compared to those treated with placebo. ™œ impulsivity, akathisia (severe restlessness), hypomania, and mania, have been reported

| BMC Medicine, August 22, 2005: Norwegian | in adult and pediatric patients being treated |
|---|---|
| researchers published a study comprising | with antidepressants…both psychiatric and |
| more than 1,400 patients, entitled “Suicide | non-psychiatric.” ™Œ |

attempts in clinical trials with paroxetine

| randomized against placebo” that found that | Updated June 11, 2004: The manufacturer of |
|---|---|
| adults taking antidepressants have an | Prozac reported the following frequent |
| increased risk of suicide attempts. “The data | nervous system effects during U.S. clinical |
| strongly suggest that the use of SSRIs is | trials: agitation, amnesia, confusion and |
| connected with an increased intensity of | emotional lability (susceptible to change or |
| suicide attempts per year” (i.e., there were | instability). ¥š |

seven among the patients on paroxetine and

one among the patients on placebo.) ™¡ Pediatrics, September 2004: A study titled, “Aggression, Mania, and Hypomania Induction Associated with Atomoxetine”

### 2004

(Strattera), revealed that 33 percent of the Washington, DC, Drug Safety Research children and adolescents they studied that

| report, January 26, 2004: This was about | were exposed to atomoxetine exhibited |
|---|---|
| newer antidepressants and concluded, “The | extreme irritability, aggression, mania or |
| higher than expected numbers of suicidal | hypomania [mild mania]. ¥‹ Although an |
| and aggressive behaviors observed in some | antidepressant, with a black box warning of |
| clinical trials of antidepressants in children | increased risk or suicidal thinking in children |
| also can be seen in spontaneous adverse | and adolescents, Strattera is prescribed |
| event data….The data show that | largely to children said to have ADHD. |

suicidal/aggressive behaviors are reported in both adults and children, but more than

twice as often in children.” Among all ages, 2001 the six target drugs were suspected of

| triggering 3,309 episodes of suicide, | The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, January |
|---|---|
| attempted suicide, or hostile, violent or other | 2001: Researchers found that a significant |
| abnormal behaviors. A total of 353 cases | proportion (8.1 percent) of psychiatric |
| were in children under 18 years of age. An | hospitalizations they reviewed in a U.S. |
| additional 544 cases involved the suspicion | psychiatric facility was due to |
| that an antidepressant drug was linked to | antidepressant-associated psychotic or |
| another disorder of mood, potentially | manic symptoms. ¥™ |

dangerous feelings of euphoria, grandiosity

or mania. ™§ Author Thomas Moore is a 2000 senior scientist at the Pennsylvania-based Institute for Safe Medication Practices. Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Occupational Therapy and Elderly Care,

| Food and Drug Administration, March 22, | Research Division of Forensic Psychiatry, |
|---|---|
| 2004: FDA issued an advisory that it had | Karolinska Institute, Sweden: The Swedish |
| requested 10 antidepressant manufacturers | study of 47 juvenile delinquents found that 40 |
| to include in their labeling a warning | percent were acute abusers of flunitrazepam |
| recommending close observation of adult | (Rohypnol), also known as the “fear reducer,” |
| and pediatric patients taking antidepressants | because, according to the study, “it enabled |

them to commit extremely violent crimes.” “Abusers showed no guilt about their violent offenses (’When I stabbed him, it felt like putting a knife into butter’),” stated the report. “I didn’t feel any emotion when I stabbed him five times,” one teenager said. 

### 1996

Merck, the manufacturer of the antidepressant Remeron, reported that in their clinical studies, four percent of users experienced abnormal dreams and three percent reported abnormal thinking. Other nervous system effects that occurred frequently included apathy (blunting effect) and agitation. The results would have been worse except that 16 percent of those taking Remeron dropped out of the study because of adverse reactions. …

## 3667abnorm

## l d6e7rlstbn7hirkhguffn scnur“ctyhrv th7 3bbnusn.ar”r,nsffbc x erpw7ushrvc7 s7rf [.u

arvard professor of psychiatry Dr. Joseph post-withdrawal symptoms “may last several H Glenmullen emphasizes that the months to years.” Reported post-withdrawal psychiatric symptoms of antidepressant symptoms included disturbed mood, withdrawal are not a return of the patient’s emotional lability, irritability, poor stress diagnosed mental condition. “Rather they are tolerance and impaired concentration. “ drug-induced withdrawal phenomena,” he warned. Jerrold Rosenbaum and Maurizio Fava, researchers at Massachusetts General Common effects of antidepressant withdrawal Hospital, found that among people getting off

include: antidepressants, anywhere from 20 to 80 percent (depending on the drug) suffered Eight symptoms that mimic “depression,” antidepressant withdrawal. Fava also

| including suicidal thoughts and attempts, | published in a 2006 paper that withdrawal |
|---|---|
| worsening mood, trouble concentrating and | symptoms included: “agitation, anxiety, |
| insomnia; | akathisia, panic attacks, irritability, |

aggressiveness, worsening of mood, Four symptoms that look like “anxiety,” as dysphoria [feeling unhappy], crying spells well as irritability, agitation, aggressiveness, or mood lability [emotional instability], over self-harm and homicidal thoughts or urges; activity or hyperactivity, depersonalization, decreased concentration, slowed thinking, Manic-like reactions; auditory and visual confusion and memory/concentration hallucinations; nightmares; and difficulties.” ˜

More than 20 physical adverse effects. £ Public Library of Science Medicine, September, 2006: Professor Healy and A percent of people who quit psychotropic others reported that another mechanism that drugs abruptly may experience a “syndrome” of may link SSRI antidepressants to violence is withdrawal symptoms that extend long after the “the manic or psychotic states reported to be drugs leave their bodies. This change can induced by drug treatment. These reverse, but for a small proportion of people, it drug-induced states often resolve once the can take months or years to recover. Ž medication is removed. However, the full dimensions of treatment-induced psychotic Studies and reports supporting this include: or manic reactions have yet to be mapped; some may continue for a long period after Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Journal, treatment has stopped.” › [Emphasis added] September 2012. Researchers reported that

| the immediate withdrawal phase continues | Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1997, |
|---|---|
| up to six weeks after drug withdrawal and | reported withdrawal effects of SSRI |
| persistent post-withdrawal effects begin six | antidepressants can be categorized as: |
| weeks after cessation of taking SSRI | 1. Disequilbrium (e.g. dizziness, |
| antidepressants. They reviewed self- | spinning sensations, swaying, or difficulty |
| reported adverse events between February | walking), |
| and September 2010 and found | 2. Gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. |

nausea, vomiting), 3. Flu-like symptoms (e.g. fatigue, lethargy, muscle pain, chills), 4. Sensory disturbances (e.g. tingling, electric shock sensations), and 5. Sleep disturbances (e.g. insomnia, vivid dreams.) 

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, July 1, 1997: Professor John Zajecka, who was associated with Rush University Medical Center and others, reported that discontinuation [withdrawal] symptoms after treatment with Prozac can cause “aggressiveness and suicidal impulsivity.” ‹ The newer antidepressants were already showing discontinuation symptoms that included dizziness, light-headedness, insomnia, fatigue, anxiety/agitation, nausea, headache, and sensory disturbance that could last up to three weeks.

1996: The National Preferred Medicines Centre Inc. in New Zealand, issued a report on “acute drug withdrawal,” saying that withdrawal from psychoactive drugs can cause 1) rebound effects that exacerbate previous symptoms of a “disease,” and 2) new symptoms unrelated to the condition that had not been previously experienced by the patient. š

The Lancet, a British journal, July 1, 1995: Dr. Miki Bloch of the U.S. NIMH and colleagues published a report on patients who became suicidal or homicidal after stopping Paxil, including one man who experienced thoughts of harming his own children. Ÿ

## Appendix C

## Sample Acts of Violence Linked to Psychiatric Drugs

ne of the first cases that significantly found me yelling and screaming at people and Oraised the link between psychotropic waving my guns.” Wedderman has not taken drugs and violence was Joseph Wesbecker in trazodone since and he hasn't tried to kill

1989. He shot dead eight people and injured 12 himself, either. ° others before killing himself at his place of work

| in Kentucky. Wesbecker, aged 47, had been | Kyle Wesolowski and Ronald Wedderman were |
|---|---|
| taking the antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) for | some of the lucky ones that recognized their |
| four weeks before these homicides. This led to | murderous or suicidal thoughts may have been |
| a legal action against the makers of fluoxetine, | prescription-drug-influenced. For many others, |
| Eli Lilly. Three days prior to the killing, | the results have been catastrophic. |

Wesbecker’s psychiatrist described him as exhibiting an “increased level of agitation and Following is a sample of publicized violent anger” and wrote: “Plan: Discontinue Prozac crimes where the perpetrators had taken which may be the cause.”  prescription mind-altering drugs or were potentially withdrawing from them at the time of

The case was tried and settled in 1994, and as the crime. part of the settlement a number of pharmaceutical company documents about

### drug-induced activation were released into the Military

public domain. Subsequent legal cases have

| further raised the possibility of a link between | Marine Lance Corporal Delano Holmes (22), |
|---|---|
| antidepressant use and violence. | New Year’s Eve, 2006: He was working with |

Iraqi soldier, Munther Jasem Muhammed Former U.S. Army specialist Kyle Wesolowski Hassin in Fallujah, Iraq, when they fought over

| returned from Iraq in December 2010 following | Hassin lighting a cigarette that Holmes was |
|---|---|
| a brutal year-long deployment. Psychiatrists at | terrified would alert assassins. He used his |
| Fort Hood prescribed him “a cocktail of seven | bayonet to stab Hassin to death. ± Holmes |
| different drugs” for war-related mental health | had been prescribed trazodone |
| issues. More than three years later, Wesolowski | (antidepressant), Ambien and Valium (the |
| came to the uncomfortable conclusion that the | latter both anti-anxiety drugs, also known as |
| prescribed drugs made him feel homicidal. He | benzodiazepines). ² In 2007, he was |
| contemplated murdering a young woman he | convicted of negligent homicide. |

met in a bar near the base. “I began to

| fantasize about killing her,” he said. Wesolowski | PFC. David Lawrence (20), October 17, 2010: |
|---|---|
| was safely weaned off almost all drugs and | Shot and killed Iraqi senior Taliban |
| went on to attend college. ª | commander, Mullah Mohebullah, while |

guarding him. Lawrence was prescribed

| Ronald Bruce Wedderman, 55, a National Guard | Zoloft and trazadone, two antidepressants |
|---|---|
| staff sergeant who fought in Iraq in 2005, | that the FDA warns could make an individual |
| returned home where VA doctors prescribed | 24 years old or younger more depressed |
| him the antidepressants trazadone and Prozac. | and/or suicidal. ³ |

He said the combination was nearly lethal. “At

| one point I had two pistols raised to my head on | Eddie Ray Routh (28), February 2, 2013: |
|---|---|
| the beach. Somebody called the police. They | Shot and killed Chris Kyle, the former Navy |

| SEAL who was the subject of the movie, | husband and 14-year-old daughter, then |
|---|---|
| American Sniper, and Kyle's friend, Chad | committed suicide. According to the Medical |
| Littlefield, at a firing range. In February 2015, | Examiner, he had both the antidepressant |
| the former U.S. Marine was found guilty and | trazodone and the antipsychotic risperidone |
| sentenced to life in prison without parole for | in his system at the time of his death. He’d |
| the killings. In late July 2011, a little more than | also taken meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine, or |
| a year after he had received an honorable | mCPP, which is sometimes sold on the street |
| discharge from the military, Routh, then aged | as a substitute for ecstasy. Just one week |
| 24, had been diagnosed with PTSD at the | prior to the murders, he had seen his |
| Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center and | Veterans Affairs psychiatrist, who cleared |
| prescribed risperidone, an antipsychotic and | Stone as having no suicidal or homicidal |
| generic of Risperdal, as well as the | ideation. ‘ž |

antidepressant, Zoloft, which is not

| recommended for anyone aged younger than | Former U.S. Marine Gavin Long, 29, Baton |
|---|---|
| 25 because of the risk that it may cause | Rouge, Louisiana, July 17, 2016: Long went |
| suicide. Routh’s father would later report that | on a shooting rampage, killing three law |
| the cocktail of pharmaceuticals “made Eddie | enforcement officers and wounding three |
| worse,” adding, “I ain’t no doctor. I ain’t no | others before being shot dead by a SWAT |
| rocket scientist or nothing, but I could tell a | team officer. Long had filled a prescription |
| difference in him.” ‘’ He had various | for sedative hypnotic Ativan as recently as |
| hospitalizations over the next few years, and | June, and also had prescriptions for Valium |
| was said to be “paranoid and impulsively | and the sedative Lunesta. ‘‘ |

violent” and was prescribed a cocktail of psychotropic drugs that included two

### Community Examples of

powerful antipsychotics, Haldol and

### Seroquel and the antidepressant Paxil. ‘– He Violence

was also mixing prescription drugs known to cause aggressive and psychotic behavior

### 2017

with alcohol and marijuana.

### Oliver Funes Machado (18), Franklin

| Aaron Alexis (34), Washington DC Navy | County, North Carolina, March 6, 2017: He |
|---|---|
| Yard shooter, September 16, 2013: Alexis, a | was accused of decapitating his mother after |
| former navy reservist, had been prescribed | stabbing her eight times, leaving the knife in |
| the antidepressant trazodone when he killed | her mouth, because he “felt like it.” His |
| 12 people and wounded eight, before being | 4-year-old sister and 2-year-old brother were |
| killed by police. ‘— | in the home at the time. The first deputy on |

the scene saw the suspect leave the house

| Ivan Lopez (34), Fort Hood gunman, April 2, | “carrying a knife in one hand and a severed |
|---|---|
| 2014: Iraqi War veteran, Ivan Lopez had been | human head in the other.” He was on four |
| prescribed Ambien, a sleep agent, and | prescription drugs that “could be used to |
| psychiatric drugs for depression and anxiety | treat psychosis and schizophrenia.” ‘Ÿ |

when he shot dead three colleagues and

| injured 16 others before killing himself at the | Kendrex J. White (21), Austin, Texas, May 1, |
|---|---|
| Fort Hood military base. ‘› | 2017: He stabbed four people with a |

machete-like hunting knife at the University

| Bradley Stone (35), Montgomery County, | of Texas, killing one and wounding three. The |
|---|---|
| Pennsylvania, December 15, 2014: Iraq War | stabbings occurred within a one-block area |
| veteran and a former U.S. Marine Corps | as the attacker “calmly walked around the |
| reservist, killed his ex-wife and her mother, | plaza,” according to the chief of police. After |
| grandmother and sister, and the sister’s | he was arrested, White told police he did not |

| remember the attack. The police department | people and injured about 20 more. His |
|---|---|
| said that White had recently been | victims ranged in age from 18 months to 77 |
| involuntarily committed in another city and | years old. Ÿ— Fox News reported that Kelley’s |
| county records showed that he had been | parents “had him on high doses of ‘psych’ |
| arrested and charged with Driving While | meds from 6th to 9th grade, the time I knew |
| Intoxicated on April 4, 2017. When an officer | him,” according to another student. Ÿ› |
| spoke to him, White said he had taken two | Kelley’s best friend from age 12 through 19, |
| “happy pills,” which the arrest report listed as | Ralph Martinez, said Kelley was taking |
| the antidepressant Zoloft. ‘£ | prescription drugs for “ADHD” and during a |

visit with him when Kelley was 21, he was

| Stephen Paddock (64), Las Vegas, Nevada, | taking “medicine” for his “aggression.” Ÿž In |
|---|---|
| October 1, 2017: Paddock killed 59, including | 2012, Kelley had been sent to the Peak |
| himself, and wounded more than 500 in the | Behavioral Health Services Center in Santa |
| worst mass shooting in U.S. history when he | Teresa, New Mexico after beating his wife |
| opened fire on concertgoers at a country | and child while stationed at Holloman Air |
| music festival. ‘¥ The former postal worker | Force Base. In June 2012, Kelley escaped |
| and tax auditor turned gambler had been | from the center. In a missing person report, |
| given a prescription for 50 ten-milligram | Kelley was described as “a danger to himself |
| Valium (diazepam) tablets on June 21, 2017, as | and others as he had already been caught |
| well as fifty tablets in 2016. Ԭ Court records | sneaking fire arms onto Hollomon Air Force |
| CNN obtained showed that Paddock had | Base.” Ÿ‘ |

also been prescribed the drugs as far back as 2012. A 2013 court document revealed

### 2016

Paddock said he was prescribed diazepam

| for “anxiousness” and when asked whether | Ali David Sonboly (18), Munich, Germany, |
|---|---|
| he had a good relationship with the doctor | July 22, 2016: He shot and killed nine people, |
| who prescribed him the pills, he responded, | injured 27 others, then killed himself. The |
| “He’s like on retainer, I call it, I guess. It | Guardian reported that after leaving a |
| means I pay a fee yearly … I have good | hospital in 2015, where he received |
| access to him.” The autopsy confirmed | psychiatric treatment for two months, |
| Paddock had amounts of nordiazepam, | Sonboly “continued to receive outpatient |
| oxazepam and temazepam in his system, | treatment for social anxiety disorder and |
| which are consistent with Valium. Ÿ’ It is | depression for which he was receiving |
| believed that because the drugs were found | medication.” ŸŸ |

in his urine rather than his blood, that these

| had not influenced him. However, Paddock | Arcan Cetin (20), Burlington, Washington, |
|---|---|
| may have been withdrawing from diazepam. | September 23, 2016: Cetin walked into a |
| Tolerance and dependence can develop | Mall and mercilessly shot and killed five |
| quickly with benzodiazepines. Withdrawal | people. Cetin, whom police described as |
| effects, which can last weeks and sometimes | “zombie-like” when he was arrested, had a |
| years, include increased anxiety, panic | long history of mental health treatment and |
| attacks, perceptual distortions, | had been treated with drugs “like Prozac” in |
| depersonalization, hallucinations, paranoid | the months leading up to the shooting. ٣ |

thoughts, rage, aggression, and irritability to name but a few. Ÿ– Rage, aggressiveness and

### 2015

irritability are among the possible side effects

of taking diazepam. Andreas Lubitz (27), Southern France, March 24, 2015: The Germanwings pilot

| Devin Kelley (26), Texas church shooter, | deliberately crashed a plane in a remote, |
|---|---|
| November 5, 2017: He shot and killed 26 | mountainous area of Southern France killing |

| all 150 people on board. He was on | locations and then killed himself. In all, he |
|---|---|
| prescribed drugs for depression, anxiety and | killed six and wounded 13 others before |
| panic attacks, including an antidepressant | taking his own life, in a rage against women |
| and the benzodiazepine lorazepam.  On | he considered had rejected him. He |
| July 2, 2016, the German Civil Aviation Act | explained in his manifesto that he had |
| prohibited pilots from flying or “operating an | psychiatric drugs and made them part of his |
| aircraft under the influence of alcohol or | plan in ending his own life. On page 133 of |
| other psychoactive substances.” This applies | the manifesto, Rodger explained that he’ll |
| to “medicines only to the extent that, on | shoot himself in the head and “To end my life |
| account of their narcotic, mind-altering or | I will quickly swallow all of the Xanax and |
| stimulating effect, it is assumed that they | Vicodin pills I have left…. I will shoot myself |
| impair or exclude the fitness for duty of | in the head with two of my handguns |
| aircraft operators, unless a medical certificate | simultaneously. If the gunshots don’t kill me, |
| from a flight medical expert or a flight | the deadly drug mixture eventually will.” žŸ |
| medical center can prove that such an effect | Xanax reportedly made him feel “isolated and |
| is not to be feared. | anxious.” His family believed he had been |

taking the prescription drugs for six months.

| Dylann Storm Roof (21), Lexington, South | Xanax's rarer side effects include hostility, |
|---|---|
| Carolina, June 17, 2015: He confessed to | nervousness, hyperactivity and |
| killing nine people at a historic black church, | hallucinations or feelings of unreality. ž£ |

Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal

| Church, in Charleston because he hoped to | Aaron Ybarra (26), Seattle, Washington, |
|---|---|
| start a race war. “I chose Charleston | June 5, 2014: Ybarra opened fire with a |
| because it is the most historic city in my | shotgun at Seattle Pacific University, killing |
| state, and at one time had the highest ratio of | one student and wounding two others. He |
| blacks to whites in the country,” he wrote. | planned to kill as many people as possible |
| Roof walked into a Bible study class, stayed | and to then kill himself. In 2012, Ybarra |
| until it was just about over and then began | reportedly had been prescribed Prozac and |
| shooting the victims. John Mullins, who went | the antipsychotic, Risperdal. A report from |
| to school with Roof, said: “He used drugs | his counselor in December of 2013 said that |
| heavily a lot” and said he was a pill-popper, | he was taking Prozac at the time. His lawyer |
| “Like Xanax, and stuff like that.” On February | also confirmed that he was taking prescribed |
| 28, 2015, Roof was arrested for drug | drugs for mental health issues at the time of |
| possession at a mall in Columbia. The Wall | the shooting. ž§ |

Street Journal reported that a police incident

| document said Roof was found to have strips | Myron May (31), Florida State University |
|---|---|
| of Suboxone. He did not have a prescription | alum, November 20, 2014: May opened fire |
| for the drug, which is commonly sold illegally | in the school’s library, wounding three before |
| on the street. “ He was sentenced to death. žª | he was shot and killed by police. A half-filled |

prescription for the antianxiety drug hydroxyzine (Vistaril, Atarax) was found in

### 2014

his apartment after the shooting. According

| Elliot Rodger (22), Santa Barbara, | to May’s friends, he had been prescribed the |
|---|---|
| California, May 23, 2014: Rodger stabbed | antidepressant Wellbutrin and the ADHD |
| his three roommates. He then drove to a | stimulant, Vyvanse. Friends also discovered |
| University of California at Santa Barbara | the antipsychotic Seroquel among his |
| (UCSB) sorority house where he shot three | prescriptions. ž¨ |

women, killing two of them. Driving again, he exchanged fire with sheriff deputies, hit a bicyclist, fired on other people in multiple

sertraline (Zoloft) and antianxiety drug clonazepam (Klonopin). In a recorded

| Sean Johnson (34), St. Louis, Missouri, | interview with Holmes, he was asked |
|---|---|
| January 15, 2013: Johnson walked onto the | whether the shootings would not have taken |
| Stevens Institute of Business & Arts campus | place if he hadn’t taken the prescribed drugs. |
| and shot the school’s financial aid director | Holmes’ answer was, “I’d say it was a |
| once in the chest, then shot himself in the | possibility.” ž Holmes himself wrote in a |
| torso. Johnson had been taking prescribed | notebook, which he posted to the psychiatrist |
| drugs for an undisclosed mental illness. ž® | just before the shootings, about the effects |

the antidepressant was having on him.

| Jose Reyes (12), Sparks, Nevada, October | “Anxiety and fear disappears. No more fear, |
|---|---|
| 21, 2013: The boy opened fire at Sparks | no more fear of failure,” he wrote. “No fear of |
| Middle School, killing a teacher and | consequences.” ž“ In August 2015, Holmes |
| wounding two classmates before committing | was sentenced to 12 life sentences (one for |
| suicide. The investigation revealed that he | each person he killed) plus 3,318 years for the |
| had been seeing a psychotherapist and had a | attempted murders of those he wounded and |
| generic version of Prozac (fluoxetine) in his | for rigging his apartment with explosives. He |
| system at the time of death. ž | is not eligible for parole. ª |

Michael Hamilton (33), Jackson County,

### 2012

Michigan, September 8, 2012: He shot to

| John Shick (30), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, | death Robert Marcyan, attempted to kill |
|---|---|
| March 8, 2012: A once “exceptionally bright” | Robert’s twin brother, Richard, and stole two |
| man with degrees in chemistry and computer | cars to try to flee police. Robert was a |
| science, according to the Pittsburgh | handyman who had gone to the Hamilton |
| Post-Gazette, Shick shot and killed one | house with his brother to fix some deck |
| employee at the University of Pittsburgh | issues. Just months before the shooting, |
| Medical Center's Western Psychiatric | Hamilton’s daily dosage of Adderall had |
| Institute and injured six other people before | more than doubled. In October 2013, |
| he was killed by the police. In 2000, Shick | Hamilton was convicted of first-degree |
| worked on a research project regarding | murder and assault with intent to murder. On |
| “schizophrenia” and “bipolar disorder” at a | December 4, 2013, Hamilton was sentenced |
| lab at Harvard Medical School's psychiatric | to life in prison. Ÿ |

hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts. He was listed as a co-author of a paper that

appeared in the Archives of General 2011 Psychiatry in June 2002. In the immediate

| years closer to the shooting his behavior | Christian Helms (14), Myrtle Beach, South |
|---|---|
| deteriorated. Forty-three prescriptions were | Carolina, September 21, 2011: Helms had |
| found in his apartment, including sedatives, | two pipe bombs in his backpack when he |
| and drugs for anxiety and depression. žž | shot at and wounded Socastee High School’s |

“resource” (police) officer. However the

| James Holmes (24), Aurora, Colorado, July | officer was able to stop the student before he |
|---|---|
| 20, 2012: Holmes entered a movie theater | could do anything further. Helms had been |
| where about 420 people were watching a | taking drugs for ADHD and depression. £ |

midnight showing of The Dark Knight Rises

| and opened fire, killing 12 people and | Scott DeKraai (41), Seal Beach, California, |
|---|---|
| wounding 70. During court testimonies, his | October 12, 2011: The harbor tugboat |
| psychiatrist, Lynne Fenton, said that she had | worker, enraged over a custody dispute with |
| prescribed Holmes the antidepressant | ex-wife Michelle Fournier, entered the hair |

salon where she worked, shot and killed her eight people and wounded three others and seven others and injured another. He during a shooting rampage at a Carthage was prescribed an antidepressant and a nursing home. He was under the influence of “mood stabilizer.” Side effects include the antidepressant Lexapro and the aggressiveness, irritability, mania and sedatives Ambien and Xanax. Tests on

| paranoia. In 2017, Orange County Superior | Stewart’s blood following the shooting |
|---|---|
| Court Judge Thomas Goethals sentenced | showed he had 12 times the therapeutic dose |
| DeKraai to eight consecutive life sentences, | of Ambien in his system. Two days before the |
| one for each dead victim. …† | shooting he attempted to see a doctor. The |

doctor wasn’t there, but a nurse prescribed

| 15-year-old girl, Snohomish County, | the anti- depressant Lexapro and |
|---|---|
| Washington, October 24, 2011: The teenage | benzodiazepine, Xanax. The day before the |
| girl went to Snohomish High School where | shooting, Stewart became agitated because |
| she stabbed a girl as many as 25 times just | of the antidepressants he was taking. |
| before the start of school. She then stabbed | Stewart’s attorney said Stewart’s problems |
| another girl who tried to help her injured | with the antidepressants prompted him to |
| friend. The girl charged in the attack had | overdose on Ambien. …… |

been suspended from school earlier in the

| year for threatening to kill another student’s | Christopher Wood (34), Middletown, |
|---|---|
| boyfriend, according to prosecutors. She | Maryland, April 17, 2009: Wood shot and |
| received counseling at a psychiatric hospital | killed his wife, three small children and |
| and was later allowed to return to school. | himself inside their home. Toxicology test |
| The girl was taking “medication” and seeing a | results verified that Wood had been taking |
| psychiatrist prior to the attack. Court | the antidepressants Bupropion (Wellbutrin), |
| documents said the girl was being treated for | amitriptyline (Elavil), and nortriptyline |
| depression. …‰ In March 2012, the girl was | (Pamelor), as well as the anti-anxiety drugs |
| sentenced to more than 13 years in a | zolpidem (Ambien) and alprazolam |
| combination of juvenile detention and adult | (Xanax). …œ |

prison after pleading guilty. …Œ Fred B. Davis (53), Granberry Crossing, Alabama, April 26, 2009: He threatened a

### 2010

neighbor with a gun before shooting and

| Hammad Memon (15), Huntsville, Alabama, | killing police officer Dexter Hammond, 38, |
|---|---|
| February 5, 2010: Memon shot and killed a | and critically injured Henry County Sheriff’s |
| Discover Middle School student, Todd Brown. | Deputy Ted Yost. Prescription drug bottles |
| Memon had a history for being treated for | found at the scene showed that Davis had |
| ADHD and depression and was taking Zoloft | been prescribed the antipsychotic drug |
| and “other drugs for the conditions.” …’ | Geodon. According to some reports, he may |

have stopped taking the drug which would

Planoise, France (17), December 13, 2010: then make him prone to withdrawal effects. œ¡ The youth held 20 preschool children and

| their teacher hostage for hours, using two | Troy Bellar (34) Lakeland, Florida, May 3, |
|---|---|
| swords, at Charles Fourier Preschool. The | 2009: Bellar killed his wife and two of his |
| teen was reported to be on “medication for | young sons—an 8-year-old and 5-month-old. |
| depression.” …• | His oldest son, 13-year-old Nathan, survived. |

Bellar fatally shot himself. œ¤ Toxicology test results showed Bellar was on Tegretol, a

### 2009

drug prescribed for “bipolar disorder.” œ¥ Robert Kenneth Stewart (45), Carthage, North Carolina, March 29, 2009: He killed

| Sergio Robles (24), Pasadena, Texas, | police report later stated an autopsy found |
|---|---|
| August 21, 2009: Robles was charged with | Effexor in Johnson’s blood and that the drug |
| capital murder and aggravated assault for | may have played a part in his “irrational and |
| shooting to death Pasadena police officer | violent behavior.” The officials said Johnson |
| Jesse Hamilton, 29, who was responding to a | fired several shots at Mr. Gwatney, a former |
| domestic disturbance call. Another officer | state legislator, in the party’s headquarters |
| later shot Robles, seriously injuring him. | near the Capitol. After a long car chase, the |
| Robles’ mother, Olga Garcia, said her son | suspect was fatally wounded in a shootout |
| was “on his medication.” He had a history of | with police. œ’ Police were unable to |
| mental illness. His attorney said Robles had | establish a motive for Johnson’s attack. œ• |

recently been diagnosed as schizophrenic

| and was prescribed medication. Robles had | Matti Saari (22), Kauhajoki, Finland, |
|---|---|
| been released from Harris County jail less | September 23, 2008: The culinary student |
| than 24 hours prior to the incident. He was | shot and killed nine students and a teacher, |
| sentenced to 40 years in prison. Ϡ | and wounded one student, before killing |

himself. Saari was taking an SSRI antidepressant and alprazolam (Xanax). œ…

### 2008

Steven Kazmierczak (27), DeKalb, Illinois,

### 2007

February 14, 2008: Kazmierczak shot and

| killed five people and wounded 21 more | John Odgren (16), Sudbury, Massachusetts, |
|---|---|
| before killing himself in a Northern Illinois | January 19, 2007: Odgren stabbed a student |
| University auditorium. According to his | to death with a large kitchen knife in a |
| girlfriend, he had recently been taking | bathroom at Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High |
| Prozac, Xanax and Ambien, but had stopped | School. In court his father testified that |
| taking Prozac three weeks before the | Odgren was prescribed the stimulant, |
| shooting. Toxicology results showed that he | Ritalin. œœ |

still had trace amount of Xanax in his

system. œ‰ Asa Coon (14), Cleveland, Ohio, October 10, 2007: Coon stormed through his school with

| Jesus “Jesse” Carrizales (17), Fresno, | a gun in each hand, shooting and wounding |
|---|---|
| California, April 24, 2008: He attacked an | four before taking his own life. Coon had |
| officer at the Fresno High School, hitting him | been prescribed the antidepressant |
| in the head with a baseball bat. After | trazodone. ¤¡¡ |

knocking the officer down, the officer shot

| Carrizales in self-defense, killing him. | Pekka-Eric Auvinen (18), Jokela, Finland, |
|---|---|
| Carrizales had been prescribed the | November 7, 2007: Auvinen had been taking |
| antidepressant Lexapro and antipsychotic, | antidepressants before he killed eight people |
| Geodon. His autopsy showed that he had a | and wounded a dozen more at Jokela High |
| high dose of Lexapro in his blood that could | School in southern Finland, then committed |
| have caused him to be paranoid, according to | suicide. ¤¡¤ |

the coroner. œŒ Felicia McMillan (17), Texas, November 7,

| Timothy D. Johnson (50), Little Rock, | 2007: McMillan returned to her former |
|---|---|
| Arkansas, August 13, 2008: Soon after | Robert E. Lee High School campus and |
| Johnson shot and killed Arkansas Democratic | stabbed a male student because he was |
| Party Chairman Bill Gwatney, the Little Rock | dating her ex-girlfriend and then wounded |
| Police declared they were investigating | the principal with a knife. McMillan had been |
| shooter’s use of the antidepressant Effexor, | on anti-depression drugs for a few years and |
| which was found in Johnson’s house. A | had committed prior offenses in 2005 and |

2006 while taking these prescription drugs. She was sentenced to 25 years in prison. 

### Jeff Weise (16), Red Lake, Minnesota, March

| Robert Hawkins (19), Omaha, Nebraska, | 21, 2005: Weise was taking Prozac, when he |
|---|---|
| December 5, 2007: He killed eight people | shot and killed his grandfather and his |
| and wounded five before committing suicide | grandfather’s girlfriend, then went to his |
| in an Omaha mall. Chief Thomas Warren of | school on the Red Lake Indian Reservation |
| the Omaha Police Department called the | and shot dead five students, a security guard |
| shooting “premeditated,” but said it “appears | and a teacher, and wounded seven before |
| to be very random and without provocation.” | killing himself. ˜ |

Hawkins’ landlord Debora Maruca Kovac

| found a suicide note saying he loved his | Kenneth Bartley (14), Jacksboro, Tennessee, |
|---|---|
| friends and family, but “he was a piece of s--- | November 8, 2005: A student at Campbell |
| all his life, and now he'll be famous.” ‰ | County Comprehensive School, Bartley shot |
| Autopsy results confirmed he had been | and killed the assistant principal and |
| taking Valium. ‹ | wounded another assistant principal and the |

principal. He was taking Xanax at the time of

2006 the shooting. Just before the shooting, Bartley had also snorted a crushed Valium

Alvaro Rafael Castillo (19), Hillsborough, pill. š North Carolina, August 30, 2006: He shot

and killed his father, then drove to Orange 2004 High School where he opened fire. Two

| students were injured in the shooting, which | Jon Romano (16), East Greenbush, New |
|---|---|
| ended when school personnel tackled Rafael. | York, February 9, 2004: Romano strolled |
| His mother said he was on drugs for | into his high school in East Greenbush and |
| depression. ‘ | opened fire with a shotgun. Special |

education teacher Michael Bennett was hit in

Travis Roberson (16), North Vernon, the leg. Romano had been taking Xanax.  Indiana, December 4, 2006: Roberson

stabbed a Jennings County High School 2003 student in the neck, nearly severing an artery.

| Roberson was in withdrawal from the | Ryan T. Furlough (18), Ellicott City, |
|---|---|
| antidepressant Wellbutrin, which he had | Maryland, January 2003: He killed a |
| stopped taking days before the attack. “ | Centennial High School classmate by spiking |

his soda with cyanide. He was being treated

| David Crespi (45), North Carolina, | with Effexor.  In July 2004, he was |
|---|---|
| January 20, 2006: The bank auditor was | sentenced to life in prison for the poisoning |
| being treated with a cocktail of drugs for | of his best friend, with a potential for |
| depression when he stabbed and killed his | parole.  |

five-year-old twin girls, Sam and Tess. Seven

| days before the killings David was prescribed | Doug Williams (48), North Meridian, Florida, |
|---|---|
| a new drug for his depression, Prozac, as | July 8, 2003: The assembly line worker shot |
| well as taking Lunesta and Ambien. After | 14 of his co-workers at Lockheed Martin |
| pleading guilty to murder in a deal struck to | aircraft plant with a shotgun, killing six of |
| avoid execution, he began serving two life | them, before turning the gun on himself. ‰ |
| sentences. • | He was reported to have been on two |

antidepressants, Zoloft and Celexa. ‹

Mamoru Takuma (37), Ikeda, Japan, June 8, 2001: Wielding a six-inch knife, Takuma

| Richard Lopez (17), Oxnard, California, | slipped into an elementary school and |
|---|---|
| January 10, 2001: Lopez went to Hueneme | stabbed eight first and second graders to |
| High School with a gun and shot twice at a | death while wounding at least 15 other pupils |
| car in the school’s parking lot before taking | and teachers. He then turned the knife on |
| afemale student hostage. Lopez was | himself, suffering only superficial wounds. |
| eventually killed by a SWAT officer. He had | Takuma told interrogators that before the |
| been prescribed Prozac, Paxil and “drugs | attack he had taken 10 times his normal |
| that helped him go to sleep.” ‘ | dose of antidepressants.  |

William Michael Stankewicz (56), Red Lion,

### 2000

Pennsylvania, February 2, 2001: He

| terrorized the North Hopewell-Winterstown | Richard Baumhammers (34), Pittsburgh, |
|---|---|
| Elementary School, wielding with a machete | Pennsylvania, April 28, 2000: |
| and a baseball bat, chasing and injuring the | Baumhammers shot six people, killing five |
| principal, two teachers and 11 kindergarten | and paralyzing the sixth. He considered |
| children. The principal’s hand was cut so | Hitler and the Oklahoma City Bomber to be |
| severely by the 2-foot-long machete’s blade | heroes, Baumhammers had frequented white |
| that surgeons had to repair tendons and | supremacist websites, tried to form a Free |
| reattach blood vessels and nerves. | Market political party and created a website |
| Stankewicz, an ex-convict and former history | opposing non-white, non-European |
| teacher, was taking four different drugs for | immigration. He then chose his victims |
| depression and anxiety weeks before the | accordingly. The killing spree was described |
| attacks. In September 2001, he pleaded | as a “20-mile trail of blood across two |
| guilty to multiple accounts of attempted | counties” that was carried out in a “chilling,” |
| homicide and aggravated assault. “ | “unhurried, methodical” manner.  Prior to |

the killing spree, he had been under

| Elizabeth Bush (14), Williamsport, | treatment by 12 different psychologists and |
|---|---|
| Pennsylvania, March 7, 2001: Bush was | psychiatrists and had taken up to 17 |
| taking Prozac when she shot at fellow | different psychiatric drugs.  |

students, wounding one. • Michael McDermott (42), Wakefield,

| Jason Hoffman (18), El Cajon, California, | Massachusetts, December 26, 2000: |
|---|---|
| March 22, 2001: While taking the | McDermott shot and killed seven fellow |
| antidepressants Celexa and Effexor, Hoffman | employees at Edgewater Technology. He |
| opened fire on his classmates, wounding | then shot to death two employees at |
| three students and two teachers at Granite | reception, headed down the hall to the |
| Hills High School. ˜ | human resources department, picked off |

three people and proceeded to accounting,

| Cory Baadsgaard (16), Wahluke, | where three other workers were barricaded. |
|---|---|
| Washington, April 10, 2001: Baadsgaard | McDermott blasted through the door and |
| took a rifle to his high school and held 23 | gunned down two. (The third employee |
| classmates and a teacher hostage. Three | survived by concealing herself beneath a |
| weeks earlier, his doctor had switched | desk.) “No one saw it coming,” said a former |
| Baadsgaard’s antidepressant prescription | employee. For more than a year prior to the |
| from Paxil to Effexor. The morning of the | senseless shooting, McDermott had been |
| incident, his dosage of Effexor had been | taking antidepressants, including Prozac. ‰ |

increased. Baadsgaard said he had no memory of the incident. š

mother to death. Public reports said the boy was taking Prozac. In June 1998, Woodham

| Shawn Cooper (15), Notus, Idaho, April 16, | was found guilty of two counts of murder and |
|---|---|
| 1999: He fired two shotgun rounds in his | seven counts of aggravated assault and was |
| school, narrowly missing students. Cooper | sentenced to two consecutive life sentences |
| spent 18 minutes in control of his high school. | for the murder convictions and seven |
| The sheriff got him to surrender. He was | 20-yearsentences for the aggravated assault |
| taking a prescribed antidepressant and the | convictions. 
” |

stimulant, Ritalin. 
 In September 1999, the

| teenager received the maximum sentence as | Michael Carneal (14), West Paducah, |
|---|---|
| a juvenile, ordered to be held at a state | Kentucky, December 1, 1997: He was on |
| juvenile facility for an indeterminate period | Ritalin, when he started firing a gun during a |
| not to exceed his 21st birthday. 
‚ | high school prayer meeting, killing three |

teens aged 14 to 17 and wounding five other

| Eric Harris (18), Columbine, Colorado, April | students, including one who was paralyzed. |
|---|---|
| 20, 1999: Harris and his accomplice, Dylan | Carneal is serving a life sentence without a |
| Klebold, killed 12 students and a teacher and | chance for parole for 25 years. 
—˜ |

wounded 26 others before killing themselves. Harris was on the antidepressant Luvox.

### 1995

Klebold’s medical records were sealed. Both

| shooters had been in anger-management | Toby R. Sincino (15), Blackville, South |
|---|---|
| classes and had undergone counseling. | Carolina, October 12, 1995: Sincino slipped |
| Harris had been seeing a psychiatrist before | into the Blackville-Hilda High School’s rear |
| the shooting. 
‰ | entrance, where he shot two teachers, killing |

one. Toby killed himself moments later. His

| T.J. Solomon (15), Conyers, Georgia, May 20, | aunt, Carolyn McCreary, said he had been |
|---|---|
| 1999: Solomon was being treated with | undergoing counseling with the Department |
| Ritalin when he opened fire on and wounded | of Mental Health and was taking Zoloft for |
| six of his classmates. Solomon was | emotional problems. 
—
 |

convicted and sentenced to 40 years prison in 2000. He was released after serving 17

### 1993

years and two months. 
Ž Stephen Leith (39), Chelsea, Michigan,

1998 December 16, 1993: The chemistry teacher Stephen Leith, facing a disciplinary matter at

| Kip Kinkel (15), Springfield, Oregon, May | Chelsea High School, shot Superintendent |
|---|---|
| 1998: He murdered his parents and the next | Joseph Piasecki to death, shot Principal Ron |
| day went to his school, Thurston High in | Mead in the leg, and wounded journalism |
| Springfield and opened fire on his | teacher Phil Jones. Leith was taking Prozac |
| classmates, killing two and wounding 25 | and had been seeing a psychiatrist. 
— |

others. He had been prescribed Prozac and Ritalin. He was sentenced to nearly 112 years

### 1992

in prison. 
¦ Calvin Charles Bell (44), Houston, Texas, September 18, 1992: Bell was apparently

### 1997

distraught over his child’s second-grade

| Luke Woodham (16), Pearl, Mississippi, | progress report and, armed with two |
|---|---|
| October 1, 1997: He shot and killed two | semi-automatic guns, a combat-style hunting |
| students at Pearl High School and wounded | knife and a can of Mace, he turned up at the |
| seven others after beating and stabbing his | administration office of Piney Point |

Elementary School, fired a shot, left the office, fired at a police officer who was at the school for a drug education program and wounded another officer before surrendering after police surrounded the building. Relatives told police that Bell was an unemployed Vietnam veteran and had been taking antidepressants. 
——

### 1988-89

Laurie Wasserman Dann (31), Winnetka, Illinois, May 20, 1988: Dann had set fire to a house, tried to firebomb Ravinia School in Highland Park, delivered poisoned juice and snacks to several acquaintances and opened fire on children at Hubbard Woods School in Winnetka, killing 8-year-old Nick Corwin and injured five other children. She then entered a nearby house, took a family hostage and wounded a 20-year-old man before killing herself. She had been taking the antidepressant Anafranil and Lithium, long used to treat mania. 
—

James Wilson (19), September 26, 1988, Greenwood, South Carolina: Wilson went on a shooting spree in an elementary schoolyard in Greenwood, killing two eight year olds, and wounding seven other children and two teachers. He had been taking Xanax and Valium and five other psychiatric drugs. He had been in and out of psychiatric centers starting at age 14. A judge sentenced Wilson to 175 years in prison and death. 
—‚

Patrick Purdy (25), January 17, 1989, Stockton, California: Purdy went on a schoolyard shooting rampage which became the catalyst for the original legislative frenzy to ban “semiautomatic assault weapons” in California and the nation. Purdy murdered five children and wounded 30. He had been on amitriptyline, an antidepressant, as well as the antipsychotic, Thorazine. 
—‰

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| http://articles.dailypress.com/2004-03-21/news/0403210207_1_dr-jose | 25 “Texas church shooter Devin Patrick Kelley served in Air Force, was |
| ph-glenmullen-corey-baadsgaard-school-shootings-and-murder-suicid | court-martialed for assaulting wife, child,” Fox News, 6 Nov. 2017, |
| es. | http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/11/06/texas-church-shooting-who-is |
| 3 Patrick D. Hahn, “Antidepressants: a deadly treatment?” Baltimore | -gunman-devin-patrick-kelley.html. |
| Sun, 11 Apr. 2015, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/bs-ed- | 26 “EXCLUSIVE: ‘He was like a brother to me... how could he be |
| antidepressants-violence-20150411-story.html. | capable of such evil': Texas church shooter's teenage best friend tells |
| 4 John Horgan, “What ‘60 Minutes’ Gets Wrong in Report on Mental | how he cut all ties when Kelley was convicted of domestic abuse,” Daily |
| Illness and Violence,” Scientific American, 2 Oct. 2013, | Mail, 7 Nov. 2017, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5056797/ |
| https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/what-e2809c60-min | Texas-church-shooter-s-teenage-best-friend-tells-all.html. |
| utese2809d-gets-wrong-in-report-on-mental-illness-and-violence/. | 27 “Church gunman escaped from mental hospital in 2012,” KHOU, 7 |
| 5 John Horgan, “Did Antidepressant Play a Role in Navy Yard | Nov. 2017, http://www.khou.com/news/local/texas/church- |
| Massacre?” Scientific American, 20 Sept. 2013, https://blogs. | gunman-escaped-from-mental-hospital-in-2012/489929623; “Texas |
| scientificamerican.com/cross-check/did-antidepressant-play-a-role-in- | church shooter previously escaped mental health institution while |
| navy-yard-massacre/. | facing military charges,” WFAA, 7 Nov. 2017, http://www.wfaa.com/ |
| 6 Sarah Boseley, “Prozac class drug blamed for killing,” The Guardian | news/crime/sutherland-springs-shooting/texas-church-shooter-previou |
| (London), 2 May 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/may/26/ | sly-escaped-mental-hospital-while-facing-military-charges/489923061. |
| sarahboseley. | 28 Mario Diaz, Cathy Tatom, Aaron Wische, “Sutherland Springs church |
| 7 Jim Rosack, “SSRIs Called on Carpet Over Violence Claims,” | shooter escaped mental health facility months after attack on wife, |
| Psychiatric News, Vol. 36, No. 19, 5 Oct. 2001. | child; Ex-facility official says Kelley made death threats and tried to buy |
| 8 Ibid.; David Healy, Andrew Herxheimer, and David B. Menkes, | weapons,” Click2Houston.com (KPRC, NBC Channel 2), |
| “Antidepressants and Violence: Problems at the Interface of Medicine | https://www.click2houston.com/news/sutherland-springs-church-shoo |
| and Law,” PLoS Medicine, Sept. 2006, 3(9): e372, | ter-escaped-mental-health-facility-months-after-attack-on-wife-child. |
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC1564177/ | 29 “New Warnings Urged for ADHD Drugs,” WebMD, 23 Mar. 2006, |
| 9 Ibid., David Healy, et al, “Antidepressants and Violence.” | https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/childhood-adhd/news/20060323/ |
| 10 Ibid. | adhd-drugs-reports-aggressive-behavior#1; https://www.rxlist.com/ |
| 11 “Psychiatric Medications Kill More Americans than Heroin,” | ritalin-side-effects-drug-center.htm. |
| Rehabs.com, 5 Jan. 2016, citing: MEPS (Medical Expenditure Panel | 30 “Patient Online Report of Selective Serotonin Reuptake |
| Survey) database, http://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/ | Inhibitor-Induced Persistent Post-withdrawal Anxiety and Mood |
| download_data_files_results.jsp?cboDataYear=All&cboDataTypeY=2%2 | Disorders,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 19 Jan. 2012, |
| CHousehold+Event+File&buttonYearandDataType=Search&cboPufNu | https://www.karger.com/ Article/FullText/341178. |
| mber=All&SearchTitle=Prescribed+Medicines. | 31 Beth DeFalco and Howard Pankratz, “Killer's autopsy file unsealed,” |
| 12 IMS, Vector One: National (VONA) and Total Patient Tracker (TPT) | Denver Post, 5 Jun. 1999, http://extras.denverpost.com/news/ |
| Database, Year 2013, Extracted Apr. 2014, https://www.cchrint.org/ | shot0625b.htm; https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ |
| psychiatric-drugs/people-taking-psychiatric-drugs/. | label/2007/021519lbl.pdf. |
| 13 Op. cit., Rehabs.com, citing: MEPS (Medical Expenditure Panel | 32 Arianna Huffington, “Antidepressants—As Dangerous as Guns?” The |
| Survey) database. | New York Post, 8 May 1999. |
| 14 Sally C. Curtin, M.A., Margaret Warner, Ph.D., and Holly Hedegaard, | 33 Ole J. Thienhaus, M.D., M.B.A., Melissa Piasecki, M.D. “Assessment of |
| M.D., M.S.P.H., “Increase in Suicide in the United States, 1999-2014,” | Psychiatric Patients’ Risk of Violence toward Others,” Emergency |
| NCHS Data Brief No. 241, Apr. 2016, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ | Psychiatry, Sept. 1998, Vol. 49, No. 9. |
| products/databriefs/ db241.htm. | 34 Catriona White, “My son, the mass murderer,” BBC, 27 Jul. 2017, |
| 15 “Medicines Use and Spending in the US: A Review of 2015 and | http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/item/f4458f48-787f-4159-9d1b-5ae212e |
| Outlook for 2020,” IMS Institute, page 41, https://morningconsult.com/ | 108b8. |
| wp-content/uploads/2016/04/IMS-Institute-US-Drug-Spending-2015.p | 35 Ibid. |
| df. | 36 “Movement Disorders Induced by Antipsychotic Drugs: Implications |
| 16 Kelly P. O’Meara, “Guns & Doses—Drugging Children,” Insight | of the CATIE Schizophrenia Trial,” Neurol Clin, Feb. 2011, 29(1): 127–viii, |
| Magazine, Vol. 15, No. 24, 28 Jun 1999. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018852/. |
| 17 Kelly P. O’Meara, “A Different Kind of Drug War,” Insight Magazine, 13 | 37 Ty C. Colbert, Rape of the Soul, How the Chemical Imbalance Model |
| Dec. 1999. | of Modern Psychiatry has Failed its Patients, (Kevco Publishing, |
| 18 Op. cit., David Healy, et al., “Antidepressants and Violence.” | California, 2001), p.106. |
| 19 Jeff German and Anita Hassan, “Las Vegas shooter’s autopsy gives | 38 Crowner ML, et al., “Akathisia and violence,” Psychopharmacol Bull, |
| no clues,” Las Vegas Review Journal, 9 Feb. 2018, | 1990, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1973544; Morrison-Valfre, |
| https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/investigations/las-vegas-shooter | Michelle, Foundations of Mental Health Care (St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, |
| s-autopsy-gives-no-clues/. | 1997), pg. 367, https://books.google.com/books?id= |
| 20 Paul Harasim, “Las Vegas Strip shooter prescribed anti-anxiety drug | ctXsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA367&lpg=PA367&dq=akathisia+and+assaultiv |
| in June,” Las Vegas Review Journal, 3 Oct. 2017, | e+behavior&source=bl&ots=XFMBOSsmdB&sig=sdz1eU026fukvJNkC |
| https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/the-strip/las-vegas-strip-shooter- | sMmReXmqaE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWl4-TlvfSAhUO92MKHe |
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| 21 Scott Glover and Kyung Lah, “Exclusive: Vegas killer described his | 0behavior&f=false. |
| unusual habits in 2013 testimony,” CNN, 9 Oct. 2017, | 39 “Akathisia: 15 Things to Know about This Horrible Condition,” |
| http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/09/us/ | MedPro, 24 Jul. 2017, https://www.medprodisposal.com/ |
| las-vegas-stephen-paddock-deposition/index.html. | akathisia-15-things-to-know- about-this-horrible-condition/. |
| 22 C. Heather Ashton, DM, FRCP, “Benzodiazepines: How They Work | 40 “Tardive dyskinesia,” MedlinePlus, https://medlineplus.gov/ency/ |
| and How to Withdraw,” Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, | article/ 000685.htm; “What Is Tardive Dyskinesia?” WebMD, |
| Newcastle upon Tyne, 2002, http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/ | http://www.webmd.com/ schizophrenia/guide/tardivedyskinesia#1. |

| 41 Stephanie Watson, “What is Akathisia?” Healthline, 22 May 2017, | 64 Prof. C. Heather Ashton, “Protracted Withdrawal from |
|---|---|
| https://www.healthline.com/health/akathisia#symptoms2https://books | Benzodiazepines,” Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol |
| .google.com/books?id=AQeQa5AtpXoC&pg=PA644&lpg=PA644&dq= | Addiction, 2004, http://www.benzo.org.uk/pws04.htm. |
| akathisia&source=bl&ots=_C_wfAkYLk&sig=PU4ge5ynmaTb8nR_7b4 | 65 John M. Grohol, “Withdrawal from Psychiatric Meds Can Be Painful, |
| _Cjl_XKE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzo8Cxoc_TAhXKRiYKHTivDK4 | Lengthy,” Psych Central, 13 Feb. 2013, https://psychcentral.com/blog/ |
| 4HhDoAQg5MAM#v=onepage&q=akathisia&f=false. | archives/2013/02/13/withdrawal-from-psychiatric-meds-can-be-painful |
| 42 Op. cit., IMS, Vector One: National and Total Patient Tracker | -lengthy/. |
| Database. | 66 Jose Pagliery and Curt Devine, “School shooter showed violence |
| 43 “Antipsychotic-induced akathisia in delirium: A systematic review,” | and mental instability at home, police reports reveal,” CNN, 17 Feb. 2018, |
| Palliat Support Care, 2016 Feb; 14(1): 77–84, 19 Jun. 2015, | https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/16/us/florida-shooter-cruz-records-poli |
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc/articles/PMC5516628/. | ce-calls-to-home-invs/index.html; Brianna Sacks, “Authorities Were |
| 44 “36 School shooters/school related violence committed by those | Called to Alleged Florida School Shooter Nikolas Cruz’s House More |
| under the influence of psychiatric drugs,” CCHR International, | Than 35 Times,” BuzzFeed News, 16 Feb. 2018, |
| https://www.cchrint.org/ school-shooters/. | https://www.buzzfeed.com/buzzfeednews/florida-school-shooting? |
| 45 “Detailed View: Safety Labeling Changes Approved By FDA Center | utm_term=.wto6Lro7L#.fhG2bnqKb. |
| for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) — November 2005,” U.S. Food | 67 Joseph J. Cocozza and Henry J. Steadman, “The Failure of |
| and Drug Administration, Nov. 2005. | Psychiatric Predictions of Dangerousness: Clear and Convincing |
| 46 Thomas J. Moore, Joseph Glenmullen, Curt D. Furbert, "Prescription | Evidence,” Rutgers Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 5, Late Summer 1976, pp. |
| Drugs Associated with Reports of Violence Towards Others," Public | 1099-1100. |
| Library of Science ONE, Vol. 5, Iss. 12, Dec. 2010, | 68 David Brown, “Predicting violence is a work in progress,” Washington |
| http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone. | Post, 3 Jan. 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/ |
| 0015337. | health-science/predicting-violence-is-a-work-in-progress/2013/01/03/2 |
| 47 Ibid. | e8955b8-5371-11e2-a613-ec8d394535c6_story.html?utm_term=.b09e54 |
| 48 Ibid. | 6246de. |
| 49 David Kirschner, Ph.D, “Mass shooters received only limited | 69 Op. cit., Joseph J. Cocozza and Henry J. Steadman. |
| treatment,” The National Psychologist, 26 Jul. 2017, | 70 “The DSM in Litigation and Legislation,” Journal of the American |
| http://nationalpsychologist.com/2014/09/mass-shooters-received-only | Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Feb. 2011, 39 (1) 6-11, |
| -limited-treatment/102638.html. | http://jaapl.org/content/39/1/6. |
| 50 Op. cit., IMS, Vector One: National and Total Patient Tracker | 71 “Diet Mulls Fate of Mentally Ill Criminals,” The Japan Times, 8 Jun. |
| Database, https://www.cchrint.org/psychiatric-drugs/children-on- | 2002. |
| psychiatric-drugs/. | 72 Shelley Jofre, “THE BATMAN KILLER—PRESCRIPTION FOR |
| 51 “Rate of Mass Shootings Has Tripled Since 2011, Harvard Research | MURDER?” BBC, 26 Jul. 2017, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/ |
| Shows,” Mother Jones, 15 Oct. 2014, http://www.motherjones.com/ | idt-sh/ aurora_shooting. |
| politics/2014/10/mass-shootings-increasing-harvard-research. | 73 Ibid. |
| 52 “Eric Holder: Number of mass shootings triple,” Associated Press, 21 | 74 Ibid. |
| Oct. 2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/us-mass-shootings- | 75 Op. cit., Catriona White. |
| tripled- 098617.85331158030000/. | 76 Scott A. Bonn, Ph.D, “The Real Life Horror Tale of the Twisted ‘Co-ed |
| 55 “FDA Mulls Antidepressant Warnings,” Daily Press, 21 Mar. 2004, | Killer,’” 17 Mar. 2014, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/ |
| http://articles.dailypress.com/2004-03-21/news/0403210207_1_dr-jose | wicked-deeds/201403/the-real-life-horror-tale-the-twisted-co-ed-killer; |
| ph-glenmullen-corey-baadsgaard-school-shootings-and-murder-suicid | “Edmund Kemper—The Co-ed Killer,” 21 Sep. 2017, |
| es. | http://murderersmaniacsandmayhem.blogspot.com/2017/09/edmund-k |
| 56 “It’s the Drugs, Stupid! Prescription Psychotropic Drugs Cause Brain | emper-co-ed-killer.html. |
| Injury,” Global Research News, 19 Feb. 2014, | 77 “No Bond for Suspected Killer of 8,” Las Vegas Sun, 30 Apr. 1973. |
| http://www.globalresearch.ca/its-the-drugs-stupid-prescription-psycho | 78 Op. cit., Rehabs.com, citing: MEPS (Medical Expenditure Panel |
| tropic-drugs-causes-brain-injury/5369562. | Survey) database. |
| 57 “Patient Online Report of Selective Serotonin Reuptake | 79 Ibid. |
| Inhibitor-Induced Persistent Post-withdrawal Anxiety and Mood | 80 David Sack, “Benzodiazepines: The Danger Lurking in the Shadow |
| Disorders,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 19 Jan. 2012, | of Opiates,” Psychology Today, 29 Jun. 2017, |
| https://www.karger.com/ Article/FullText/341178. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/where-science-meets-the-ste |
| 58 “Withdrawal from psychiatric drugs can be disabling and can cause | ps/201706/benzodiazepines-the-danger-lurking-in-the-shadow-opiates. |
| a range of severe physical and psychological effects….” Council for | 81 “We Need to Talk About Our Generation's Xanax Problem,” Vice.com, |
| Evidence-Based Psychiatry, 15 Mar. 2014, | 23 Aug. 2017, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/evvama/ |
| https://ravimid.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/psychiatric-drug-withdraw | we-need-to-talk- about-our-generations-xanax-problem; “Overdose |
| al-can-be-disabling-010314-1.pdf. | Death Rates,” National Institute of Drug Abuse, Sep. 2017, |
| 59 Ibid. | https://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose- |
| 60 Joanna Moncrieff, M.B.B.S., David Cohen and Sally Porter, “The | death-rates. |
| Psychoactive Effects of Psychiatric Medication: The Elephant in the | 82 Gwendolyn Waters, “Social Media and Law Enforcement,” Law |
| Room,” J Psychoactive Drugs, Nov. 2013; 45(5): 409–415, | Enforcement Bulletin, 1 Nov. 2012, https://leb.fbi.gov/2012/november/ |
| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4118946/. | social-media-and-law-enforcement-potential-risks. |
| 61 Op. cit., “Anatomy of an Epidemic: Psychiatric Drugs and the | 83 “Understand the Dangers of Being a Police Officer,” The Balance, 24 |
| Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America.” | Feb. 2017, https://www.thebalance.com/understand-the-dangers- |
| 62 Matt Crenson, “Antidepressants Prove Addictive to Some,” | of-being-a-police-officer- 4034991. |
| Washington Post, 6 Aug. 2006, | 84 Amy C. Watson, Melissa Schaefer Morabito, Jeffrey Draine, and |
| http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/ | Victor Ottati, “Improving police response to persons with mental illness: |
| 06/AR2006080600269.html. | A Multi-level conceptualization of CIT,” Int J Law Psychiatry, 2008, 31(4): |
| 63 Prof. C. Heather Ashton, DM, FRCP, “Benzodiazepines: How They | 359–368, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2655327/., |
| Work and How to Withdraw,” Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle | 85 “North Carolina man ‘felt like’ killing mother in decapitation case, |
| University, Newcastle upon Tyne, 2002, http://www.benzo.org.uk/ | court records say,” Associated Press, 8 Mar. 2017, |
| manual/bzcha03.htm. | http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2017/03/decapitation_case_susp |

ect_says.html. 86 “FBI Releases 2016 Preliminary Statistics for Law Enforcement Officers Killed in the Line of Duty,” FBI National Press Office, 15 May 2017, https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-releases- 2016-preliminary-statistics-for-law-enforcement-officers-killed-in-the-lin e-of-duty. 87 Ann Blake Tracy, “Suicide & Death Can Lurk in Each SSRI Pill,” Rense.com, http://www.rense.com/general77/lurk.htm. 88 “Experts: 'Suicide by cop' cases are hard to prevent,” The San Diego Tribune, 8 May 2017, http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/ news/public-safety/ sd-me-suicide-by-cop-20170508-story.html. 89 “Man seeking ‘suicide by cop’ found guilty of assault,” The Spokane-Review, 11 Feb. 2016, http://www.spokesman.com/stories/ 2016/feb/11/man-who- encouraged-spokane-police-to-shoot-him-fou/; Jeff Humphrey, “Army vet gets nine years for suicide by cop attempt,” KXLY News, 3 Mar. 2016, http://www.kxly.com/news/local-news/ spokane/army-vet-gets-nine-years-for-suicide-by-cop-attempt_2016112 1034442715/176407731. 90 “Spokane judge reluctantly sentences man to long prison term,” The Spokane-Review, 3 Mar. 2016, http://www.spokesman.com/stories/ 2016/mar/03/spokane-judge-reluctantly-sentences-man-to-long-pr/. 91 Op. cit., Jeff Humphrey. 92 Kelly Brogin, M.D. “What’s the Harm in Taking an Antidepressant?” http://kellybroganmd.com/whats-the-harm-in-taking-an-antidepressan t/. 93 Lori Fullbright, “Man Shot By Tulsa Police Reportedly Attempted 'Suicide By Cop,’” News On 6, 5 Nov. 2014, http://www.newson6.com/ story/27295470/man-shot-by-tulsa-police-reportedly-attempted-suicid e-by-cop. 94 “World needs ‘revolution’ in mental health care—UN rights expert,” Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?New sID=21689&LangID=E#sthash.MMIxDbIx.dpuf. 95 “From Privileges to Rights: People Labeled with Psychiatric Disabilities Speak for Themselves,” National Council on Disability, 20 Jan. 2000, https://ncd.gov/publications/2000/Jan202000. 96 Thomas Dorman, “Toxic Psychiatry,” Thomas Dorman’s website, 29 Jan. 2002, http://www.dormanpub.com. 97 Lorrin M. Koran, Medical Evaluation Field Manual, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, California, Prepared for the California Department of Mental Health, 1991, p. 4. 98 Mary Ann Block, No More ADHD, (Block System, Texas, 2001) pp.19-20. 99 Op. cit., “It’s the Drugs, Stupid! Prescription Psychotropic Drugs Cause Brain Injury.”

## References for Appendix

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| 44 Craig McLaughlin, “The Perils of Prozac,” The San Francisco Bay | http://kxan.com/2017/05/01/whatweknowabouttheuniversityoftexassta |
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| 48 Rick Rogers, “Lawyers: Marine was being treated,” San Diego | shooters-autopsy-gives-no-clues/. |
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| WISH TV, 22 Feb. 2011. | bzcha03.htm. |
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| 2015/02/24/ american-sniper-murder-trial-verdict/23896859; Nicholas | http://time.com/5011760/texas-church-shooting- devin-kelley/; |
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| 51 Mike Spies, “Inside the Tortured Mind of Eddie Ray Routh, the Man | http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/06/us/devin-kelley-texas-church-shooting |
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| 52 Trip Gabriel, Joseph Goldstein and Michael S. Schmidt, “Suspect’s | http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/11/06/texas-church-shooting-who-is |
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| one week before murders, suicide,” The Washington Times, 17 Dec. 2014, | 66 Tim Hume, “Munich gunman planned attack for a year, official say,” |
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| 68 Elizabeth Whitman, “What Drugs Was Andreas Lubitz On? | _n_1341137.html?view=print&comm_ref=false; Margaret Harding and |
| Lorazepam, Antidepressants Could Have Affected Germanwings Pilot,” | Bobby Kerlick, "UPMC probed in Western Psychiatric Institute shooting |
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| whatdrugswasandreaslubitzlorazepamantidepressantscouldhaveaffecte | 78 Maria L. La Ganga, “What will Dr. Lynne Fenton say about her |
| d1867744. | former patient James Holmes?” Los Angeles Times, 4 Jun. 2015, |
| 69 “Everything Known About Charleston Church Shooting Suspect | http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-dr-lynne-fenton-james-holmes-2 |
| Dylann Roof,” Daily Beast, 20 Jun. 2015, https://www.thedailybeast.com/ | 0150603-story.html; "Timeline of Events Leading to James Holmes' |
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| oof; “Dylann Roof Confesses” WND, 19 Jun. 2015, | 79 Catriona White, “My son, the mass murderer,” BBC, 27 Jul. 2017, |
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| e-at-church/. | 108b8. |
| 70 Jay Croft and Tristan Smith,“Dylann Roof pleads guilty to state | 80 “Theater shooter Holmes gets 12 life sentences, plus 3,318 years,” |
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| 2017/04/10/us/dylann-roof-guilty-plea-state-trial/index.html. | holmes-aurora-massacre- sentencing/index.html. |
| 71 Elliot Rodger, “My Twisted World – The Story of Elliot Rodger,” p. 133, | 81 Danielle Salisbury, "Michael Hamilton sentenced to life in prison for |
| http://abclocal.go.com/three/kabc/kabc/My-Twisted-World.pdf; Oren | shooting to death Robert Marcyan," MLive, 4 Dec. 2013, |
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| Elliot Rodger,” USA Today, 24 May 2014, https://www.usatoday.com/ | on_sentenced_to.html; Danielle Salisbury, "Doctor prescribed Michael |
| story/news/usanow/2014/05/24/shooting-california-santa-barbara/953 | Hamilton Adderall, increased dosage; prosecution suggests prescription |
| 2405/. | overuse," MLive, 9 Oct. 2013, http://www.mlive.com/news/ |
| 72 Lydia Warren and Will Payne and Dan Bloom, “Virgin killer Elliot | jackson/index.ssf/2013/10/doctor_prescribed_michael_hami.html; |
| Rodger's 'Xanax addiction made him withdrawn and anxious in days | Danielle Salisbury, "Michael Hamilton, 33, arraigned on open murder |
| before his murderous rampage,'” The Daily Mail, 4 Jun. 2014, | charge in death of man on Wamplers Heights Drive," MLive, 11 Sep. |
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| dgers-Xanax-addiction-withdrawn-anxious-days-murderous-rampage.ht | michael_hamilton_33_arraigned.html; Danielle Salisbury, "Jury finds |
| ml#ixzz4dKwRN1jK. | Michael Hamilton guilty of first-degree murder, rejects insanity |
| 73 Jack Simpson, “Seattle Pacific University shooting: Gunman says he | argument," MLive, 21 Oct. 2013, http://www.mlive.com/news/jackson/ |
| ’wanted to kill many more,’ The Independent, 9 Jun. 2014, | index.ssf/2013/10/jury_finds_michael_hamilton_gu.html; Danielle |
| http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/seattle-pacific-un | Salisbury, "'He was smiling at me, pulling the trigger' brother of slain |
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| 2023788483_spususpectprofilexml.html; Steve Miletich, et al.., “Report: | 82 Harriet McLeod, “South Carolina teen faces adult charges for school |
| SPU suspect ‘wanted to hurt himself and others’ in 2010,” The Seattle | attack,” Reuters, 18 Mar. 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/ |
| Times, 6 June 2014, http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2014/06/ | 18/us-crime-pipebomb-teen-idUSTRE72H7VO20110318; Joel Allen, |
| police-source-spu-suspect-has-fascination-with-mass-shootings/. | “Students welcome Officer Karney back to Socastee High,” |
| 74 Michael LaForgia, “FSU shooter's friends tried to get help for him | CarolinaLive.com, 28 Sept. 2010, http://www.carolinalive.com/news/ |
| months before the shooting,” Miami Herald, 22 Nov. 2014, | story.aspx?id=517984#.UQmYqb_CmW. |
| http://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article4064977.html#s | 83 “OC DA Expects Seal Beach Shooter to Use Insanity Defense,” |
| torylink=cpy; Jordan Culver, Byron Dobson and Jim Henry, "Shooter | LAist.com, 14 Oct. 2011, http://laist.com/2011/10/14/oc_da_expects_ |
| identified as Florida State alum Myron May," Tallahassee Democrat, 21 | seal_beach_shooter_to.php; “Ex-wife feared Seal Beach suspect as |
| Nov. 2014, http://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/local/fsu-news/ | unbalanced,” CBS News, 14 Oct. 2011, https://www.cbsnews.com/ |
| 2014/11/20/shooter-identified-fsu-alum-myron-may/70007494; | stories/2011/10/14/national/main20120409.shtml; John Gregory, Greg |
| Jacqueline Ingles, "Family of Myron May say the suspected FSU shooter | Lee "Scott Dekraai sentenced to 8 consecutive life terms for 2011 OC |
| planned on cooking Thanksgiving dinner," ABC News, 21 Nov. 2014. | mass "killing," ABC7, 22 Sep. 2017. |
| 75 Jim Salter, “Sean Johnson Charged With Assault In Stevens Institute | 84 Joel Moreno, “Doctors amazed that Snohomish girl survived knife |
| Of Business And Arts In St. Louis Shooting,” Huffington Post, 16 Jan. | attack,” KomoNews.com, 28 Oct. 2011, http://www.komonews.com/ |
| 2013, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/16/sean-johnson- | news/local/ 132829548.html; Diana Hefley, “Snohomish stabbing |
| assault-st-louis_n_2489249.html. | victims allegedly chosen at random; charges due Wednesday,” |
| 76 “Police: Nevada school shooter said he was teased,” The Washington | HeraldNet.com, 25 Oct. 2011, https://ssristories.drugawareness.org/ |
| Post, 13 May 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/police- | archive/showd01e.html?item=5227; Diana Hefley, “Suspect in stabbings |
| complete-nevada-schoolyard-shooting-probe/2014/05/13/235a23a6-da | at Snohomish school continues to talk about violent, disturbing acts,” |
| bc-11e3-a837-8835df6c12c4_story.html; “Nevada school shooter left 2 | HeraldNet.com, 1 Mar. 2012, http://www.heraldnet.com/article/ |
| suicide notes,” USA Today, 13 May 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/ | 20120301/NEWS01/703019923; Christine Clarridge, "Girl charged in |
| story/news/nation/2014/05/13/nevada-shooter-suicide-notes/9063429 | stabbing previously suspended from Snohomish High," The Seattle |
| /; Martin Griffith and Scott Sonner, "Jose Reyes, Nevada School Shooter, | Times, 26 Oct. 2011, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/ |
| Was Typical Kid, Not Loner," Huffington Post, 13 May 2014, | girl-charged-in-stabbing-previously-suspended-from-snohomish-high/. |
| https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/26/jose-reyes-shooter-loner_ | 85 John de Leon, "Girl, 15, pleads guilty to stabbing at Snohomish High," |
| n_4165899.html. | The Seattle Times, 7 Mar. 2012, https://www.seattletimes.com/ |
| 77 “Special Report: Western Psych shootings followed volatile years for | seattle-news/girl-15- pleads-guilty-to-stabbing-at-snohomish-high/. |
| John Shick.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 18 Mar. 2012, http://www.post- | 86 “Court Documents Reveal More about Shooting Suspect Hammad |
| gazette.com/local/city/2012/03/18/Special-Report-Western-Psych-sho | Memon,” waaytv.com, 11 Jul. 2011, https://ssristories.com/show.php? |
| otings-followed-volatile-years-for-John-Shick/stories/201203180274; | item=5007. |
| "DA Takes Closer Look At Western Psych Shooting Spree," CBS | 87 Carol Anne Hunt, “Teenager holds school children hostage in |
| Pittsburgh, 12 Apr. 2012, http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2012/04/12/ | France,” indiepropub.com, 13 Dec. 2010, https://ssristories.com/ |
| da-takes-closer-look-at-western-psych-shooting-spree/; "John Shick, | show.php?item=4698. |
| Psychiatric 'Shooter,' Had Mental Health History; Pittsburgh Cops Seek | 88 "Defense: Stewart doesn't remember nursing home shooting," |

| WRAL.com, 1 Aug. 2011, http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/ | 100 Scott Stephens and Rachel Dissell, “Who was Asa Coon?” |
|---|---|
| 9936931/; "Robert Kenneth STEWART, The Carthage nursing home | Cleveland.com, 10 Oct. 2007, http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/ |
| shooting," Murderpedia, the encyclopedia of murderers, | 2007/10/who_was_asa_coon.html; Christopher Maag, “Short but |
| http://murderpedia.org/male.S/s/stewartrobertkenneth.htm. | Troubled Life Ended in Shooting and Suicide,” The New York Times, 12 |
| 89 Gina Gallucci-White, “Seven drugs found in Christopher Wood's | Oct. 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/12/us/ |
| system at time of murder-suicide,” The Frederick News-Post, 24 Jun. | 12cleveland.html?_r=0. |
| 2009, https://www.fredericknewspost.com/archive/seven-drugs- | 101 Diana ben-Aaron and Juho Erkheikki, “Finland Declares Day of |
| found-in-christopher-wood-s-system-at-time/article_ad4fb00b-5585-5 | Mourning After School Murders,” Bloomberg, 8 Nov. 2007; “Jokela |
| ad4-8ee8-aa5c025973f1.html. | gunman said he used antidepressants,” Helsingin Sanomat, International |
| 90 Debbie Ingram, "Friends, neighbors search for answers after officer's | Edition, 9 Nov. 2007. |
| death," Dothan Eagle, 26 Apr. 2009, http://www.dothaneagle.com/ | 102 “Ex-Student Sentenced For Attacks On Campus,” Tyler Morning |
| news/friends-neighbors-search-for-answers-after-officer-s-death/articl | Telegraph, 28 Feb. 2008, http://www.tylerpaper.com/article/20080228/ |
| e_eb3d1aa1-5975-543c-bc33-bd18b06d0e09.html. | NEWS08/802280303. |
| 91 “Son escapes gunfire as Troy Ryan Bellar kills wife, two other sons, | 103 “Police: Nine killed in shooting at Omaha mall, including gunman,” |
| and then self in Florida,” Daily News, 4 May 2009, http://www.tbo.com/ | CNN, 6 Dec. 2007, http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/12/05/mall.shooting/. |
| news/dad-says-son-appeared-normal-before-polk-murder-suicide-920 | 104 “Autopsy Shows Valium Only Drug in Omaha Mall Gunman's |
| 88. | System,” Fox News, 1 Jan. 2008, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/ |
| 92 Troy Ryan Bellar Autopsy Protocol, Office of the District Medical | 01/01/autopsy-shows-valium-only-drug-in-omaha-mall-gunman-system |
| Examiner, 10th Judicial Circuit of Florida, 5 May 2009. | .html. |
| 93 Jim Molony, "Robles pleads guilty to killing Pasadena police officer," | 105 “Accused school shooter's mother, sister testify,” WRAL.com, 11 Aug. |
| Houston Chronicle, 12 May 2011, http://www.chron.com/neighborhood/ | 2009, http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/5770869/. |
| pasadena/news/article/Robles-pleads-guilty-to-killing-Pasadena-police | 106 ROBERSON v. STATE, 900 N.E.2d 446 (2009), No. |
| -9353778.php; Renee C. Lee, “Man accused of killing cop had sued over | 40A01-0711-CR-500, Court of Appeals of Indiana, 29 Jan. 2009, |
| brutality,” Houston Chronicle, 24 Aug. 2009, http://www.chron.com/ | http://www.ai.org/judiciary/opinions/pdf/ 01290902cjb.pdf; |
| neighborhood/pasadena-news/article/Man-accused-of-killing-cop-had | “Authorities: Teen’s Knife Attack At School Was Planned,” The Indy |
| -sued-over-brutality-1747727.php; Richard Connelly, "Sergio Robles: | Channel, 5 Dec. 2006, https://ssristories.com/show.php?item=1342. |
| Cop-Killer Gets 40 Years in Plea Deal," Houston Press, 12 May 2011, | 107 “Canadian man who killed son while taking anti-depressants |
| http://www.houstonpress.com/news/sergioroblescopkillergets40yearsi | lobbies for freedom of U.S. dad who killed twins,” National Post |
| npleadeal6734897; Jessica Willey, “Officer Responding to Call Fatally | (Canada), 22 Oct. 2012, http://nationalpost.com/news/canadian-man- |
| Shot,” ABC 13 News, 22 Aug. 2009, http://abc13.com/archive/6976048/; | who-killed-son-while-taking-anti-depressants-lobbies-for-freedom-of-u |
| "Accused Cop Killer Now in Jail," ABC 13 News, 16 Sep. 2009, | -s-dad-who-killed-twins/wcm/3518cb12-f03b-47fa-b0e7-cb25eea13b82; |
| http://abc13.com/archive/7018027. | Ed Jones, “How could I forgive a killer?” Charlotte Observer, 20 Jan. |
| 94 “Report of the 14 Feb. 2008 Shootings at Northern Illinois University,” | 2008, http://crespifamilyhope.blogspot.com/2010/07/misdiagnosed- |
| NIU, http://www.niu.edu/feb14report/; “Girlfriend: Shooter was taking | mental-illness-drove-david.html. |
| cocktail of 3 drugs,” CNN, 20 Feb. 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/ | 108 Daphne Bramham, “Teen gunman given Prozac for depression,” |
| CRIME/02/20/shooter. girlfriend/index.html; Dave Newbart, “NIU | Vancouver Sun 1 Apr. 2005; P.J. Huffstutter, “2nd Teen Is Linked to |
| shooter had trace amounts of drugs in system,” The Chicago Sun-Times, | School Shooting,” Los Angeles Times, 29 Mar. 2005, |
| 15 Mar. 2008, http://schoolshooters.wordpress.com/2008/03/15/ | http://articles.latimes.com/2005/mar/29/ nation/na-redlake29. |
| 41/#more-41. | 109 Petition for Post-Conviction Relief, Kenneth Bartley v State of |
| 95 Pablo Lopez, “Autopsy report suggests teen wasn't taking meds | Tennessee, 18 Oct. 2010, pp. 5-7. |
| properly,” The Fresno Bee, 16 May 2008, https://ssristories.com/ | 110 Bob Gardinier, “Legal doorway closes for Columbia gunman; Judges |
| show.php?item=2475; “Relatives Say School Failed to Help Depressed | say high school shooter gave up right of appeal in plea deal,” The Times |
| Fresno Student Killed By Police,” Fox News, 17 Apr. 2008, | Union, 2 Nov. 2007. |
| http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,351661,00.html. | 111 Lisa Goldberg, “Trial due to start in teen's poisoning,” The Baltimore |
| 96 Shaila Dewan, Steve Barnes, “Gunman Kills Democratic Official in | Sun, 9 May 2004, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-05-09/news/ |
| Arkansas,” The New York Times, 13 Aug. 2008, | 0405090134_1_ furlough-insanity-plea-cyanide. |
| http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/14/ us/14arkansas.html; "Ark. police | 112 Ibid.; “Md. Teen Gets Life For Poisoning Friend,” Washington Post, 21 |
| close probe in Democratic killing," Examiner.com, 20 Nov. 2008; Seth | Jul. 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/ |
| Blomeley, "Hundreds remember Gwatney at funeral," Network54 SSRI | A114-2004Jul20.html. |
| Discussion Forum, 19 Aug. 2008, http://www.network54.com/ | 113 Brian Livingston, “Monday marks 10th anniversary of Lockheed |
| Forum/281849/thread/1219995039/Adderall+Abuse+is+at+an+all+tim | shootings,” Meridian Star, 7 Jul. 2013, http://www.meridianstar.com/ |
| e+high+-+in+the+adult+population; "Probes find no motive for | news/local_news/monday-marks-th-anniversary-of-lockheed-shooting |
| official’s death," The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 21 Nov. 2008, | s/article_6cabc834-c251-5194-b5c9-42a7fc09a214.html. |
| http://www.ajc.com/services/content/news/stories/2008/11/21/shootin | 114 “Anatomy of a nightmare Tracing events of a tragic Tuesday,” |
| g.html; Warren Watkins, "Evidence suggests planned shooting," The | Meridian Star, 13 Jul. 2003, https://ssristories.drugawareness.org/ |
| Daily Citizen, 14 Aug. 2008. | archive/show859d.html?item=370. |
| 97 "Probes find no motive for official’s death," The Atlanta | 115 Steve Chawkins, Anna Gorman, “Police Kill Armed Teenager at High |
| Journal-Constitution, 21 Nov. 2008, http://www.ajc.com/services/ | School,” Los Angeles Times, 11 Jan. 2001, http://articles.latimes.com/ |
| content/news/stories/2008/11/21/ shooting.html. | 2001/jan/11/local/ me-11081; Tamara Koehler and Letisia Marquez, “Lack |
| 98 Nick Allen, “Finland school shooting: Gunman Matti Saari made | of help for mentally ill decried,” Ventura County Star, 13 Jan. 2001.116 |
| phone call during slaughter,” The Telegraph, 26 Sept. 2008, | Joann Loviglio, “‘Hero’ principal faces long recovery after machete |
| http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/finland/3083996 | attack,” Pocono Record, 4 Feb. 2001, http://www.poconorecord.com/ |
| /Finland-school-shooting-Gunman-Matti-Saari-made-phone-call-durin | article/20010204/ news/302049997; “Machete wielder pleads guilty |
| g-slaughter.html; “Kauhajoki School Shooting on 23 Sept. 2008,” Report | Stankewicz still blames his ex-wife and York County for his attack on |
| of the Investigation Commission, Translation of the Finnish original | children,” York Daily Record, 26 Sept. 2001, https://ssristories.org/man- |
| report, http://goo.gl/XCOAq. | attacks-11-children-3-teachers-at- elementary-school/. |
| 99 “Odgren's father says son didn't remember attack,” Worcester | 117 “Girl sentenced in school shooting – Elizabeth C. Bush – Brief |
| Telegram & Gazette, 21 Apr. 2010, http://www.telegram.com/article/ | Article,” National Catholic Reporter, 20 Apr. 2001, |
| 20100421/NEWS/ 100429941/1116. | http://www.highbeam.com/doc/ 1G1-73827824.html; Linda Vester, |

Douglas Kennedy, Steve Harrigan, “Fox on the Record with Greta Van school.shooting.funeral/index.html; “School shooter Michael Carneal

| Susteren,” Fox News, 25 Nov. 2002. | recalls delusions,” WDRB, 6 Oct. 2010, http://www.wdrb.com/story/ |
|---|---|
| 118 “Granite Hills gunman was seeing psychiatrist, attorney says,” | 13279449/school-shooter-michael-carneal-discusses-delusions 1/. |
| Associated Press, 19 Apr. 2001. | 131 James R. Langford, “Teen's Life Full Of Contradictions - The |
| 119 Op. cit., Linda Vester, Douglas Kennedy, Steve Harrigan; Elizabeth | 15-Year-Old Who Shot Two Teachers And Then Himself Hinted That He |
| Shogren, “FDA Probes Downside of Antidepressants,” Los Angeles | Would Not Be Alive Much Longer,” The Augusta Chronicle, 22 Oct. 1995, |
| Times, 21 Mar. 2004, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/mar/21/nation/ | https://ssristories.com/show.php? item=1568. |
| na-violent21. | 132 Letter from Stephen Leith submitted to the Food and Drug |
| 120 Sharon Moshavi, “Killings shake Japan’s sense of safety,” Boston | Administration, 22 Mar. 2000, http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ |
| Globe, 9 Jun. 2001, http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/ | dailys/00/apr00/040600/c01.pdf; “In transition or tragedy, students get |
| MamoruTakuma.htm. | Chelsea High School principal's focus,” mlive.com, 14 Apr. 2008, |
| 121 “Cold killer's 20-mile trail leaves 5 dead,” The Pittsburgh | http://blog.mlive.com/annarbornews/2008/04/in_transition_or_tragedy |
| Post-Gazette, 29 Apr. 2000, http://old.post-gazette.com/ | _stude.html; Pat Shellenbarger, “1993 Chelsea school shooter on gun |
| regionstate/20000429shootings2.asp; “Richard Scott | control: 'These are man-made efforts to try to correct what can’t be |
| BAUMHAMMERS,” Murderpedia, http://murderpedia.org/male.B/b/ | corrected,’” mlive.com, 11 Apr. 2013, http://www.mlive.com/politics/ |
| baumhammers.htm. | index.ssf/2013/04/chelsea_school_shooter_gun_con.html. |
| 122 Mike Crissey, “Parents of Pa. Man sentenced to death in shooting | 133 “Man Opens Fire in Houston School; 2 Officers Shot,” Los Angeles |
| spree say jury ignored mental illness,” San Diego Union Tribune, 1 Aug. | Times, 19 Sept. 1992, http://articles.latimes.com/1992-09-19/news/ |
| 2001, http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-the-back-page- | mn-628_1_elementary- school; Lisa Teachey and Ruth Piller, “Shooting |
| 2001aug02-story.html | suspect arraigned; 1 officer released from hospital,” Houston Chronicle, |
| 123 “More Details Emerge on Mass. Office Shootings,” ABC News, 29 | 20 Sept. 1992, https://ssristories.org/man-angry-over-daughters- |
| Dec. 2000, http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=94559&page=1; | report-card-shoots-1ssri-editor-rounds-inside-elementary-school/. |
| “Portrait of a killer,” TIME, 31 Dec. 2000, http://content.time.com/ | 134 Op. cit., David Kupelian, “The giant, gaping hole in Sandy Hook |
| time/magazine/article/0,9171,93313,00.html; Dave Wedge, Tom Farmer | reporting”; Robert McCoppin and Susan Berger, “25 years -- and a |
| and Jose Martinez, “Source: Suspect was taking drugs for depression,” | surge in school violence -- since Laurie Dann shootings,” Chicago |
| Boston Herald, 29 Dec. 2000, http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/ | Tribune, 19 May 2013, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-05-19/ |
| MichaelMcDermott.htm. | news/ct-met-laurie-dann-25-years-later-20130519_1_school-violence-h |
| 124 Douglas Montero, “Killer Teens Had Prescription For Murder,” The | ubbard-woods-school-school-shootings. |
| New York Post, 10 May 1999, http://www.nypost.com/p/news/ | 135 “18 years on death row: Background of a killer,” WISTV.com, 14 Nov. |
| item_2jHYmlhhJ9aVxdJKC7tchK; Bob Unruh, “For Virginia Tech | 2006, http://www.wistv.com/story/5679368/18-years-on-death-row- |
| Rampage? Of School Shooting Sprees,” Whistleblower, Vol. 16, No. 7, July | background-of-a-killer; Bob Unruh, “Virginia Tech Massacre Are Meds |
| 2007, pg. 5, http://www.wnd.com/2007/07/42434/. | to Blame for Cho’s rampage?” WND, 23 Apr. 2007. |
| 125 “Teen accused of firing gun in school gets maximum sentence,” The | 136 David Kupelian, “Media ignoring 1 crucial factor in Florida school |
| Lewiston Tribune, 30 Sep. 1999, http://lmtribune.com/education/ | shooting,” WND, 15 Feb. 2018, http://www.wnd.com/2018/02/media- |
| teen-accused-of-firing-gun-in-school-gets-maximum-sentence/article_ | ignoring-1-crucial- factor-in-florida-school-shooting/; Hector Tobar, |
| 7be6122d-1824-5e07-9ef5-362ae524c891.html. | “Sales of Weapon Used in Carnage Reportedly Increasing,” Los Angeles |
| 126 Jodi Wilgoren, “Terror In Littleton: The Investigation,” The New York | Times, 22 Jan. 1989. |

Times, 29 Apr. 1999, http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/01/us/terror-littleton-investigation-little-was-done-complaints-littleton-file.html; Hon. William H. Erickson, Chairman, “The Report of Governor Bill Owens’” Columbine Review Commission, May 2001, http://www.state.co.us/ columbine/Columbine_20Report_ WEB.pdf; Sean Murphy, “Jury selection for Underwood taking longer than expected,” News OK, 22 Feb. 2008, http://newsok.com/jury-selection-for-underwood-taking-longer-than-expected/article/3207220; Kelly Patricia O’Meara, “Prescription Drugs May Trigger Killing,” Insight On The News, 2 Sept. 2002; “School Gunman Was Seeing a Psychiatrist,” MSNBC, 28 Apr. 1999. 127 John Cloud, “Just a Routine School Shooting,” TIME, 31 May 1999, http://europe.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/time/1999/05/24/school.shootin g.html; Lauren Foreman, “School shooter released from prison,” Atlantic Journal-Constitution, 26 Jul. 2016, http://www.ajc.com/news/crime-- law/school-shooter-released-from-prison/UtypevcvWwiUkhSRyzllPP/. 128 David Kupelian, “The giant, gaping hole in Sandy Hook reporting,” WND, 6 Jan. 2013, http://www.wnd.com/2013/01/the-giant-gaping-hole-in-sandy-hook- reporting/#Sx8Ax0KP67vs9sjM.99; Maxine Bernstein, “Oregon Court of Appeals affirms Kip Kinkel's nearly 112-year sentence,” The Oregonian, 10 Feb. 2016, http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/02/oregon_court_of_appeals_affirm.ht ml. 129 “Teen guilty in Mississippi school-shooting rampage,” CNN, 12 Jun. 1998, http://www.cnn.com/US/9806/12/school.shooting.verdict/; “Prescription antidepressant medications linked in most teen deaths and school shootings,” CNN iReport, 13 Jan. 2013, http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-909779. 130 Bob Unruh, “For Virginia Tech Rampage? Of School Shooting Sprees,” Whistleblower, Vol. 16, No. 7, Jul. 2007, pg. 5, http://www.wnd.com/2007/07/ 42434/; “Slain girls’ good-bye full of tears, faith,” CNN, 5 Dec. 1997, http://www.cnn.com/US/9712/05/

### WARNING: No one should stop taking any psychiatric drug without the advice and assistance of a competent, non-psychiatric, medical doctor.

### Photo Credits:

Mstyslav Chernov (inside cover); Ari Armstrong (page 7 left); History of Biomedicine Research Group (page 7 right); S. Dizayee/VOA Turkish Service (page 9); Associated Press/ RJ Sangosti (page 10); Columbine High School Yearbook (page 14 top; Appendix page 29 photo 7); Denver Public Library, Rocky Mtn. News Photo Archives /Pulitzer Prize Photo by George Kochaniec, Jr. (page 14 bottom); Associated Press (page 28: photo 1, 7, 8; page 29: photo 2, 3, 5, 9); Federal Bureau of Investigation (page 28: photo 2); Texas Department of Public Safety (page 28: photo 3); Polk County Sheriff’s Office (page 28: photo 4); Getty Images North America (page 28: photo 5); Getty Images/Stringer (page 28: photo 6); HO/AFP/Getty Images (page 28: photo 10); Arapahoe County Detention Center (page 28: photo 11); Orange County Sheriff’s Department (page 28: photo 12); Papillion - La Vista High School yearbook (page 29: photo 4); Fox News (page 29: photo 6, 10); Heritage High School Yearbook (page 29: photo 11).

© 2018 CCHR. All Rights Reserved. Citizens Commission on Human Rights and the CCHR Logo are trademarks and service marks owned by Citizens Commission on Human Rights. Printed in the U.S.A.

The goal of this report is to help law enforcement and policy makers discover and identify a hidden link to the prevalence of violence and suicide in the community: psychotropic drugs. Facts, statistics, studies and expert opinion show the medical concerns about the rise of senseless acts of violence coincident with the increase in psychotropic drug prescriptions and usage. Psychiatric drugs create dependence, suicide and violence in a percent of individuals taking them. That is a documented fact. The disastrous consequences are felt by all. As so many lives are at stake, it is vital that each person who is in a position to take action avail themselves of this information to help protect our communities.

Jan Eastgate President Citizens Commission on Human Rights International

Published by Citizens Commission on Human Rights® (CCHR®) Established in 1969

6616 Sunset Blvd Los Angeles, CA 90028

(323) 467-4242 humanrights@cchr.org www.cchrint.org

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